Freedom vs Happiness in Brave New World Essay

There are many things that people pursue, such as wealth, prestige, or the latest technology. Of our many pursuits, the most essential are happiness and freedom. However, a question arises: can we possess both happiness and freedom? Most people may not have a clear answer for that. Brave New World, through the actions of its characters, reveals that there exists a conflict between the possession of the two ideas. Lenina, having been conditioned to be happy, has unconsciously given up the ability to have freedoms. From birth, she was assigned the role of beta plus, trained to not seek art, science or relationships. All of her material needs and wants are met. Nothing can make her feel sadness or desire. Thus, her motive to pursue freedom is non existent. If something against her conditioning comes up, she will feel confused and uncomfortable. While on vacation at the Savage Reservation, she witnesses the savage society, where people have families, religion, and natural aging. She feels disgusted by it, â€Å"Too awful† (pg 116), so she goes on Soma holiday to forget about what she has seen. While over the roaring waves of the English Channel, Lenina cannot come to admire the beauty of nature, â€Å"She was appalled by the rushing emptiness†¦ among the hastening clouds† (pg. 90). When John professes his love to her, Lenina is unable to understand his feelings, she’s on ly familiar with physical/sexual relationships, â€Å"For Ford’s sake John, talk sense†¦ you’re driving me crazy† (pg. 191). Although her body is free, she lacks spiritual freedom, whether it be in terms of relationships, natural, or cultural beauty. Opposite to Lenina, John grew up sharing the values of the Indians and William Shakespeare, which are in opposition to those of the World State. Once he comes in contact with â€Å"civilization†, he realises that his values are rejected by the â€Å"civilized† people. For example, he loves Lenina very much, but gets angry and insulted when she doesn’t understand his motives and tries to initiate sex, â€Å"get out of my sight or I’ll kill you† (pg. 194). When his mother dies, he becomes upset with the death conditioning of the children and interferes with it, â€Å"The savage looked down at him†¦ did not even look round† (pg 207). Finally, frustrated with the â€Å"civilized† world, he tries to lead a group of Deltas by warning them on the negative effects

Quality Improvement in Nursing Essay

Answering the call light (also called call bell a handheld like that is attached to the patient room wall, above the headboard of the bed) in a timely manner by the nursing staff in hospital setting is necessary to prevent falls that can harm, prolonged stays, and unnecessarily increase the cost of healthcare. However, researches concerning call light uses as it relates to patient safety, patient-care management and patient satisfaction are limited (Meade et al. 2006). Patients and their families emphasize that nurses should monitor patients constantly and provide assistance and answer a call light in a timely manner (Yoder, 2011). Note that the falls may be caused by several factors such as physiological, psychological and/or environmental-related to each individual patient (Joint Commission, 2005). The nurse initiating this project will focus on the rate of falls related to a delay in response to the call light. The hospital, where the Quality Improvement Project (QIP) is done, uses the Hill-Rom system to operate and record the time it takes to respond to a call light prior to the incident as base for the (QIP). The nurse will identify opportunities to improve the quality of care delivered as well as the response time to a patient’s needs. The nurse working on the project used the study done by (Tzeng & Yi Yin, 2009) as a model to follow. In fact, Tzeng & Yi Yin suggested that the goal of the quality care is to reduce the response time to the call bell to a number that is unlikely to lead to a fall. During their project, the authors explored the contribution of the call bell use rate and the average response time to the fall rate, the injurious fall rate and patient satisfaction scores that occurred in four adult inpatient acute care units (Tzeng & Yi Yin, 2009). Improving the responsiveness to the call light and reducing the fall rate is important for both the safety of the patient and the reputation and success of the organization. Yoder proposed that the patients are becoming more sophisticated and view themselves as â€Å"consumers† who can take their business elsewhere (Yoder, 2011). Since the hospital is a Magnet and applies the shared governance model, there is an organizational structure for nursing quality that can facilitate the project. In fact, each unit has a designated staff member for the Unit’s Council Quality Champion (UCQC). This unit representative functions as a quality improvement resource for the unit council, and performs unit-based monitoring and analysis as well as collaborating with unit staff members on improvement plans. This allows for an opportunity to network and share best practice (MLHS, 2010). The nurse handling the project can set up a meeting with the UCQC, and ask for input from other members such as patient care manager (leadership in implementing changes), physicians (after assessing the patient, leaving the bed in high position), housekeeping (placing caution signs on a wet floor), pharmacy (flagging medications that can contribute to falls such as sedatives, hypnotics, beta blockers), and dietary service (placing trays within the reach of the patient). The multidisciplinary team allows for a better planning approach to the subject and prevents malpractice (Yoder, 2011) The information recorded from the patient room call light system was used in this study. The rate of inpatient falls, which have long been perceived as a nursing-sensitive quality indicator, is defined as the rate at which patients fall during their hospital stay per 1000 patient-days (American Nurses Association, in Tzeng & Yi Yin, 2009). As the nurse working on the QIP a notification to the institutional review board will be sent if further approvable are necessary. The only statistical data the nurse could obtain from the manager are related to the numbers of falls per 1000 patient days with injury. The data gives us information about the rate of falls in reference to the average rate of falls in the hospital. In this unit there is awareness at the managerial level that the longer the call light is on the higher the incidence of fall is. If there is a fall with injury, the manager has the ability to go back and check how long the call light was on prior to a fall. However, this information is not used to prevent and emphasize the relationship between the length of time a call light is on and the rate of fall. Most nurses and patient care technicians are not aware that the manager can back-track the call light and find out this information. To measure the rate of falls to the length of time a call light is answered, the nurse working on the project choose the histogram. This illustrates the length of time in the Y axis and the rate of falls in the X axis during the period of study (time frame). The histogram itself will include a control group, average answers, and delay answers to call light. This example was imported and modified from a previous study done comparing the numbers of call lights and nursing rounds by (Meade et al. 2006). A realistic goal of this study is to reduce the fall related to a delay in answering the call light to less than the standard national data base that can be found in National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). The nurse will be able to compare the data obtained on the unit to similar hospital units by referencing (benchmarking) to the national data from NDNQI. There will be a follow up study and gradual modification of the plan in order to achieve the outcome. The team has to set measurable outcomes and quality indicators. According to Yoder, the goal of quality improvement necessitates a standard of practice and a measurable patient-care outcome or nursing-sensitive outcome (Yoder, 2011). Yoder signaled that the quality management stresses improving the system rather than assigning blame to employees (Yoder, 2011). Thus, communication is a very important step and strategies in the discussion. It allows both the manager and followers to see the appropriate changes needed without appointing blames. The results of the project can be shared with other floors, included in the computer based training, or presented by nursing leaders during in-service with the staff. Posters could be used to illustrate the importance of the response time to patient’s call light. In recent years some hospitals have initiated hourly rounds to reduce the noise and interruptions caused by unnecessary call lights. (Meade et al. 2006). Meade concluded that with one-hour rounds, there was a significant reduction in the number of falls that occurred on the units. Others tools used in the hospital to prevent falls are yellow bracelet, non slip red socks, and yellow sticker placed on the chart.   As the plan is implemented the team continues to gather and evaluate data to document and compare in order to find out if the outcomes are being met. Revisions are performed if new problems arise during the implementation of the project and a time frame is set during the realization of the project. In conclusion this QIP can be implemented on the floor by educating the staff about high costs that result from a fall, specifically ones leading to injuries or even death. Also, as patient’s advocates the nurse has to work on securing the patient safety by responding to their needs and reducing the call light response time. Nursing staff must recognize that call lights are legitimate ways for patients to test the responsiveness of the hospital system regarding their needs (Deitrick et al. 2006). References ————————————————- Deitrick L, Bokovoy J, Stern G & Panik A (2006) Dance of the call bells: using ethnography to ————————————————- evaluate patient satisfaction with quality of care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality 12, ————————————————- 316–324. Retrieved from CINAHL with Full Text database ————————————————- Joint Commission (2005). Defining the problem of falls. In Reducing the Risk of Falls in Your ————————————————- Health Care Organization (Smith IJ, ed.). Joint Commission, Oakbrook Terrace, IL, pp. ————————————————- 13–27. ————————————————- Meade CM, Bursell AL & Ketelsen L (2006) Effects of nursing rounds on patients’ call light use, ————————————————- satisfaction and safety. American Journal of Nursing 106, 58–70. ————————————————- MLHS (2010).https://webapps.mlhs.org/nursing/page69.aspx ————————————————- Tzeng H; Yin C. (2009). Relationship between call light use and response time and inpatient falls ————————————————- in Acute care settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18(23): 3333-41 Retrieved from ————————————————- CINAHL with Full Text database ————————————————- Yoder-Wise, P. (2011). Leading and managing in nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby ————————————————-

Nursing image analysis

When answering the question whose image in the world literature, movies or TV is the most popular there are no many people whom the image of the nurse would occur to. The image of the nurse is, generally, referred to so-called secondary characters. Their activities aren’t so well-seen as, for example, policeman or physician’s ones. A nurse accomplishes with another kind of work in the course of which she is suggested to help someone, to be a support for patients, a right hand for physicians. That is a kind of profession not very popular one but everyone can have needs of. A wide range of books, movies, TV programs have created various interpretations of the nurse’s images. It would be interesting to distinguish the most general and common traits of their character.In order to learn the relationships between nurses and other characters, for example, physicians whether who of them takes control of the whole situation that’s enough to look through a movie or read over any scene which nurse takes place in. Nurse is almost always silent. Her or his activities are rather reduced and consist in a noiseless accomplishment of his/her duties.A physician who is suggested to be more educated and responsible always directs the situation and a nurse is practically always a subordinate person. But speaking about understanding of the patient’s needs the situation can be different. The physician gets opinion as to the patient’s needs according to his knowledge and professional experiences. A nurse understands patient’s requirements basing on her/his     first-hand and continuous communication with this patient. Here takes place mutual immediate understanding between nurse and patient which is not less important for the latest than the physician’s interference.Regarding being nurse a man or woman the answer is clear. Being a nurse is always associated with being a woman. Due to its natural traits women are more open-hea rted and compassionate than men. Therefore, the profession of the nurse matches women much more than men. Though, exceptions are present here too. For example, non-stereotypical Philadelphia nurse Keynan Hobbs has won the Soap Nurse Sweepstakes for supplying the most examples of non-stereotypical soap opera mail-nurse characters.From being a woman a lot of accompanying factors appear here, e.g. age, sexual attractiveness and so on. It’s very hard to determine the average nurse’s age. They appear as young, mature and old as well. To make some difference, a nurse is represented often as a middle-aged woman whose marital status isn’t an important point. Though nurses are often lonely this detail isn’t usually very well highlighted in order to make the image free for other author’s objects.As to the characteristics of a nurse as a woman it must be said that the usage of the nurse’s image in the world wide sex industry is a very efficient one. At tractive girls in white smocks are very popular among men and there is nothing denying it. The appealing to the physical characteristics is only expressed here. But speaking about common nurse’s character out of sexual motives she is, generally, an attractive girl or woman as she has to cause positive traits in patient’s mind.As it was already mentioned the image of the nurse is first of all a secondary one. Referring this personage, from the numerous movies with nurse’s participation, the spectator, basically, remembers only white smock and tray with medicines. Of course, there are exclusions when the image of the nurse expands and the author makes a nurse its protagonist providing her with all the armory of positive or negative traits. But to say truth, nurses are depicted as negative characters only in cheap thrillers. The classical nurse personages are beneficent and warm-hearted.The profession of nears means love and understanding. Their personal traits are more than normal and socially-accepted. The colorful example of â€Å"The English Patient† by Anthony Minghella proves that. A French-Canadian nurse, Hana, has gathered in herself all those features so characteristic for the image of the nurse. Michael Ondaatje (1996): â€Å"She reads to her patient, but is not sure whether or not he listens.The nurse spends much of her time gardening, growing enough vegetables for them to eat, to trade a little, and to survive. They inhabit a bombed-out villa. In many parts, rain falls freely into the house. The German army had occupied the house and has left mines throughout. The nurse knows these dangers but does not pay much attention to them. She is only twenty years old and enjoys sleeping in the library, with its view of the night sky.†(n.p.).That’s one of the classical images of the nurse in the world art.The values nurse’s image usually provides are and must be classified as human and sympathizer and condolatory . Of course, we aren’t to forget about the classical situation from the movies and detective stories when using a nurse to kill someone being in a hospital as a result of criminal affairs. Lately, a great deal of thrillers and other similar products can boast with the creation of the new image of a nurse-killer. But that’s not enough to state this image as one of the significant.Concerning the career ambitions the profession of a nurse isn’t a convenient one to be discussed here. Actually, the career of a nurse doesn’t provide a colorful perspective. Due to this a nurse is suggested to be an altruist person. For the majority of nurses portrayed anywhere the career isn’t a focus of effort. They are rather devoting themselves to a good professional accomplishment of their obligations. And that’s one of the main particularities that differs nurses form the rest of personages. She is a typical background personage and ambitions about career aren ’t characteristic for her.The above mentioned characteristics are proper of the majority of the described nurse’s images. Of course, human fantasy have created a lot of different versions of this character all over its history but those above are the most common traits as to the nurse.   Taking into consideration all mentioned above, it’s necessary to make a conclusion that the nurse’s image in the modern art is, primarily, a secondary one with rather vivaciously expressed positive traits. This image has changed a little all over the times due to its constant and well-aimed character. The image of a kind, easygoing woman in white smock promises to keep on appearing in masterpieces of the future art.Bibliography.1.   Ondaatje, M. (1996).The English Patient. SparkNotes, Today’s most popular study guides from Barnes&Noble , chapter 1. Retrieved September 25, 2005, from    http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/englishpatient/section1.html Nursing image analysis When answering the question whose image in the world literature, movies or TV is the most popular there are no many people whom the image of the nurse would occur to. The image of the nurse is, generally, referred to so-called secondary characters. Their activities aren’t so well-seen as, for example, policeman or physician’s ones. A nurse accomplishes with another kind of work in the course of which she is suggested to help someone, to be a support for patients, a right hand for physicians. That is a kind of profession not very popular one but everyone can have needs of. A wide range of books, movies, TV programs have created various interpretations of the nurse’s images. It would be interesting to distinguish the most general and common traits of their character.In order to learn the relationships between nurses and other characters, for example, physicians whether who of them takes control of the whole situation that’s enough to look through a movie or read over any scene which nurse takes place in. Nurse is almost always silent. Her or his activities are rather reduced and consist in a noiseless accomplishment of his/her duties.A physician who is suggested to be more educated and responsible always directs the situation and a nurse is practically always a subordinate person. But speaking about understanding of the patient’s needs the situation can be different. The physician gets opinion as to the patient’s needs according to his knowledge and professional experiences. A nurse understands patient’s requirements basing on her/his     first-hand and continuous communication with this patient. Here takes place mutual immediate understanding between nurse and patient which is not less important for the latest than the physician’s interference.Regarding being nurse a man or woman the answer is clear. Being a nurse is always associated with being a woman. Due to its natural traits women are more open-hea rted and compassionate than men. Therefore, the profession of the nurse matches women much more than men. Though, exceptions are present here too. For example, non-stereotypical Philadelphia nurse Keynan Hobbs has won the Soap Nurse Sweepstakes for supplying the most examples of non-stereotypical soap opera mail-nurse characters.From being a woman a lot of accompanying factors appear here, e.g. age, sexual attractiveness and so on. It’s very hard to determine the average nurse’s age. They appear as young, mature and old as well. To make some difference, a nurse is represented often as a middle-aged woman whose marital status isn’t an important point. Though nurses are often lonely this detail isn’t usually very well highlighted in order to make the image free for other author’s objects.As to the characteristics of a nurse as a woman it must be said that the usage of the nurse’s image in the world wide sex industry is a very efficient one. At tractive girls in white smocks are very popular among men and there is nothing denying it. The appealing to the physical characteristics is only expressed here. But speaking about common nurse’s character out of sexual motives she is, generally, an attractive girl or woman as she has to cause positive traits in patient’s mind.As it was already mentioned the image of the nurse is first of all a secondary one. Referring this personage, from the numerous movies with nurse’s participation, the spectator, basically, remembers only white smock and tray with medicines. Of course, there are exclusions when the image of the nurse expands and the author makes a nurse its protagonist providing her with all the armory of positive or negative traits. But to say truth, nurses are depicted as negative characters only in cheap thrillers.The classical nurse personages are beneficent and warm-hearted. The profession of nears means love and understanding. Their personal traits are more than normal and socially-accepted. The colorful example of â€Å"The English Patient† by Anthony Minghella proves that. A French-Canadian nurse, Hana, has gathered in herself all those features so characteristic for the image of the nurse. Michael Ondaatje (1996): â€Å"She reads to her patient, but is not sure whether or not he listens.The nurse spends much of her time gardening, growing enough vegetables for them to eat, to trade a little, and to survive. They inhabit a bombed-out villa. In many parts, rain falls freely into the house. The German army had occupied the house and has left mines throughout. The nurse knows these dangers but does not pay much attention to them. She is only twenty years old and enjoys sleeping in the library, with its view of the night sky.†(n.p.).That’s one of the classical images of the nurse in the world art.The values nurse’s image usually provides are and must be classified as human and sympathizer and condolatory . Of course, we aren’t to forget about the classical situation from the movies and detective stories when using a nurse to kill someone being in a hospital as a result of criminal affairs. Lately, a great deal of thrillers and other similar products can boast with the creation of the new image of a nurse-killer. But that’s not enough to state this image as one of the significant.Concerning the career ambitions the profession of a nurse isn’t a convenient one to be discussed here. Actually, the career of a nurse doesn’t provide a colorful perspective. Due to this a nurse is suggested to be an altruist person. For the majority of nurses portrayed anywhere the career isn’t a focus of effort. They are rather devoting themselves to a good professional accomplishment of their obligations. And that’s one of the main particularities that differs nurses form the rest of personages. She is a typical background personage and ambitions about career aren ’t characteristic for her.The above mentioned characteristics are proper of the majority of the described nurse’s images. Of course, human fantasy have created a lot of different versions of this character all over its history but those above are the most common traits as to the nurse.   Taking into consideration all mentioned above, it’s necessary to make a conclusion that the nurse’s image in the modern art is, primarily, a secondary one with rather vivaciously expressed positive traits. This image has changed a little all over the times due to its constant and well-aimed character. The image of a kind, easygoing woman in white smock promises to keep on appearing in masterpieces of the future art.Bibliography.1.   Ondaatje, M. (1996).The English Patient. SparkNotes, Today’s most popular study guides from Barnes&Noble , chapter 1. Retrieved September 25, 2005, from  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/englishpatient/section1.html

Rhetorical Modes Matrix Essay

The art of telling stories. Structure – Usually in chronological order, which events are told in the order in which they occurred Two Tips – 1. A plot summary can help you create a chronological outline. 2. Start with a strong intro to hook your reader into wanting to continue reading. Illustration: Purpose – Clearly demonstrates and supports a point through the use of evidence. Structure – Order of importance: arranges ideas according to their significance Two Tips. Use evidence that is appropriate to your topic as well as your audience. 2. Vary the phrases of illustration you used, it is critical when trying to keep readers engaged Description: Purpose – To make sure your audience is fully immersed in the words on the page by using sensory details. Structure – Spatial Order, depending on the writer, descriptions could go from top to bottom or left to right. Two Tips – 1. Avoid â€Å"empty† descriptors if possible. 2. Use spatial order to organize your descriptive writing. Classification: Purpose – To break broad subjects down into smaller, more manageable, and more specific parts Structure – Organized by breaking it down into subcategories Two Tips – 1. Choose topics you know well when writing this type of essays. 2. Make sure you break down your topic at least three different ways. Process Analysis: Purpose – The purpose is to explain how to do something or how something works. Structure – In chronological order, step by step instructions on how something is accomplished Two Tips – 1. Always have someone else read it to make sure it makes sense. 2. Always use strong details and clear examples Definition: Purpose – The purpose is to simply define something. Structure – It is organized by context, the circumstance, conditions, or settings in which something occurs or exists Two Tips – 1. Avoid terms that are too simple, that lack complexity. 2. you are more likely to write a more interesting essay if you are writing about something you are familiar with. Compare & Contrast: Purpose – To determine how various phenomena are related in terms of origins and results. Structure – The cause-and-effect essay can be organized in two primary ways: 1. Start with the cause(s) and then talk about the effect(s); or 2. Start with the effect(s) and then talk about the causes. Two Tips – 1. As soon as you claim that one cause or effect is more crucial than the others, you have developed a thesis. 2. Be sure to have clear evidence to support the claims that you make. Cause & Effect: Purpose – To convince, motivate or move readers toward a certain point of view or opinion Structure – Structural Components: Intro & thesis, Opposing & qualifying ideas, Strong evidence, Style & tone, Compelling conclusion Two Tips – 1. A productive approach is to persuade your reader to consider your opinion as a valid one, one simply the right one. Avoid forming a thesis based on a negative claim Persuasion: Purpose- Persuasive writing, also referred to as a creative writing or an argument, is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader of his/her view regarding an issue. Structure- Persuasive writing, also referred to as a creative writing or an argument, is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader of his/her view regarding an issue. Two Tips – 1. Do not neglect opposing viewpoints and arguments in the essay. 2. Acknowledging other viewpoints can actually strengthen your own points.

From Empiricism to Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

From Empiricism to Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "From Empiricism to Postmodernism" states Empiricism and Postmodernism. The nature of knowledge has evolved throughout history. During the modern period, that is â€Å"since the 17th century scientific revolution and the Enlightenment, we have assumed there is a single objective reality, and science and reason offer the most effective method of discovering it†. This was highlighted during two modern philosophical traditions, i.e. rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism, which began with Rene Descartes, claimed that knowledge stems from reason alone. However, by the time John Locke came into the scene, the nature of knowledge began to shift towards the empiricism. This was at its peak with the empiricist, David Hume. Contrary to rationalism, empiricism claims that knowledge stem from our experience alone. What we can know is that which we can perceive and experience through our senses. Nevertheless, despite the contrast between these two traditions, both characterized knowledge as something structured. It both aimed towards an objective truth, which serves as the foundation of all knowledge. However, by the end of the modern era, a new tradition stepped into the scene. This was called postmodernism. Postmodernism, on the other hand, serves as a critique of the modern project. While modernism emphasized on structure, postmodernism emphasized on de-structuralizing knowledge. The new movement implies a shift from the signified to the signifier: and so there is a perpetual detour on the way to a truth. that has lost any status or finality† (Sarup 1993, p.3). Postmodernism deconstructs foundational concepts such as causality, identity, truth and knowledge. Postmodernists attack the view that there is a single unified body of knowledge. Rather, knowledge, for postmodernists, is relative. There is no single truth so to speak but a multiplicity of truths. It argues that â€Å"the human subject does not have a unified consciousness but is structur ed by language† (Sarup 1993, p.3). In this paper, I shall focus on two philosophical traditions that have shaped the way by which we perceive reality, i.e. empiricism and postmodernism. I shall show how these two traditions differ in their epistemological approaches. In doing so, I shall argue that postmodernism does not serve to give us a clear picture of knowledge. Thus, if philosophy, in its epistemological concerns, aims to search for foundations of our knowledge, then so it seems that postmodernism contradicts the very nature of philosophy in its goal to achieve a reliable and foundational theory of knowledge. Therefore, although empiricism relied too much on observable facts, it nevertheless gave us a consistent theory of knowledge, as opposed to the postmodernist epistemological approach. Given the aforementioned background, I shall divide this paper into three main parts. The first part will discuss the empiricist tradition with regards to its epistemological approache s, while the second part will discuss the postmodernist approach. Here, I shall emphasize on the difference between the manner by which both traditions define the nature and acquisition of knowledge. Finally, the third part will be devoted to my analysis regarding the issue at hand. This will serve as my conclusion. In this final section, I shall give my argument on what I believe is the more consistent and reliable framework for epistemology. In doing so, I shall defend the empiricist view on epistemology as that which upholds rather then rejects the nature of philosophy. For, structure is a necessary factor in any theory of knowledge. Postmodernism deconstructs this structure of knowledge that philosophers, since the ancient period have developed. I shall argue that postmodernism dissolves the very nature of knowledge, and this nullifies the nature of philosophy itself. Postmodernism only serves as a critique to empiricism, but it does not suffice to create a reliable framework of a theory of knowledge, that is, of epistemology. Empiricism and Epistemology There are four

Appeal to Flattery Fallacy Speech or Presentation

Appeal to Flattery Fallacy - Speech or Presentation Example Appeal to flattery is a fallacy or a misleading idea which has been frenetically researched through the lens of philosophy and psychology.Fallacy itself is widely known as a poorly constructed argument that employs no reasoning but misleading ideas which are expressed to further one’s interests.When there is no concrete reason for advancing one’s interests, a variety of fallacies can be used to achieve the desired objectives.Appeal to flattery is an intentional fallacy which is deliberately used to get something from the other person. Manipulation by deception is the art which forms bedrock of this fallacy. Flattery here is artistically enveloped in such beautiful packaging that often the person on whom this fallacy is aimed does not even know that he/she is being used in some way. This paper will explicate at length the philosophical meaning underlying the appeal to flattery. This fallacy is a confluence of two streams, flattery and buttered compliments. Both are frequ ently employed in place of evidence to win the heart of the other person. There is no evidence usually which is why people depending on this fallacy have to use it in the first place. Using emotionally charged language in place of pure evidence is the theme of this fallacy (Rainbolt & Dwyer, 2010, p. 140). The use of fallacious appeals is so frequent and pervasive in our society that its effects can be described as ubiquitous. From domestic setting through schools and colleges to business settings, everyone is seen using some fallacious argument on routine basis to gain certain benefits. Husband and wife at a home can be complimenting each other very effectively substituting evidence by flattery to save their marriage. Students in a classroom can be witnessed ardently complimenting the teacher’s oratory skills actually wanting the deadline on some assignment to be extended. In this instance, students commit fallacious appeals to flattery (Rainbolt & Dwyer, 2010, p. 140). A gr oup of employees can be seen passionately laughing on their manager’s shallow jokes at a workplace apparently pretending to be impressed by their boss’s humor skills for a rise in their salaries or bonuses while actually feeling a swinging pain in their jaws from forced laughter. These examples suggest that appeal to flattery is actually a very phony way of sustaining something or advancing interests by cunningly appealing to others’ emotions. Flattery can never take place of concrete evidence which is why the kind of reasoning incorporated in appeal to flattery is outrageously fallacious. Though the principal theme in this fallacy is that flattery can be used in place of evidence provided it is used artistically to compel the other person to act in a certain way by influencing his/her thinking (Chaffee, 2010, p. 559), but this reasoning or this way of rationalizing this idea is still misleading because flattery is based on empty mockery. This fallacy of irrelev ance stems from empty lies used to appeal others emotionally (Gambrill, 2012, p. 384) which is why this is an emotional attach which cannot be rationalized no matter how lightly or abundantly it is used. Some people in particular have an exceptionally shrewd acumen for this specific fallacy and they can be seen using this great talent to surpass others. They even manage to gain more autonomy and dominance than the rest because truth is that flattery is found by many people a singularly irresistible sweet though actually it is only a dark lie wrapped very colorfully. General consensus is that appeal to flattery is a logical fallacy, not enormously destructive in comparison to some other fallacies which have major shortcomings, but cannot be considered constructive at all. This is because however logical it may seem, it still makes use of fake compliments to make a point as there is no real evidence. As it is an irrelevant fallacy, a wrong point is supported and though not singularly destructive, this fallacy is still disparagingly criticized by many because of its

Testable hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Testable hypothesis - Essay Example Its meaning, from a social perspective and from the scope of the reading, is coming together of people who have a common aim in the society and the aim can be implemented at different levels of the associations. Social stability and morality are other variables in the hypothesis. Social stability refers to existence of a systematic and sustainable framework of social norms that may be enforced by a social centre of power or a virtual authority. Morality however defines acceptable acts in a society and emanates from established norms. Operationalization of variables The hypothesis seeks to determine the role of association in moderating social stability and morality. Number and size of associations are the dependent variables while social stability and morality are independent variables. Two measures are used to investigate two independent roles of association. One measure is the number of associations in a locality. The other measure is the size of association in terms of number of m embers, and population size is the measurement basis, measurable on a ratio scale, for both measures. Social stability is measured based on experienced consistency in values within associations and ability to enforce such values. A scale, on a range of one to ten, and based on experiences among members of association is applicable in measuring level of social stability in associations. Incidences of outstanding cases of immorality, leading to mass calls for corrective measures, form basis of determining level of morality within associations. Possible sources of data Members of associations and published empirical data on associations are the possible sources of data for testing the hypothesis. Hypothesis 2 Another testable hypothesis, based on the reading, explores the relationship between independence of the press and perceived level of liberty in a jurisdiction (Tocqueville, 1953, p. 96, 97. The following is the testable hypothesis for the relationship. H2: Level of independence o f the press determines the level of liberty that people enjoy in a territory Definition of variables Two variables, independence of the press and people’s liberty, are important to the hypothesis. Independence of the press defines freedom of the press from regulations by political and legal authorities. Even though a level of regulation is necessary, some regulations are controversial and are widely perceived to be restrictive to the role of the press and the hypothesis focuses on these regulations. Liberty defines statutory rights of citizens and such rights are protected from arbitrary actions by authorities. Operationalization of variables Independence of the press is the hypothesis’ independent variable while liberty is the dependent variable. Number of controversial regulations over freedom of press measures level of independence of the press, on an inverse scale, across provincial and territorial jurisdictions. Number of controversial regulations, limiting people ’s rights and freedoms in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions measures level of liberty on an inverse scale. The measurements are in ratio scale. Possible sources of data Human rights activist groups and legal experts, especially experts who specialize in human rights and freedom of press is the possible source of data. Hypothesis 3 Another possible testable hypothesis is on the role of unrestricted liberty on defining level of anarchy in a territory and the hypothesis