Shopping Rapturous or Torturous

Shopping Rapturous or Torturous Presentation The point of this paper is to build up in the case of shopping is great or an unbearable endeavor. Shopping has become a culture and products have transformed numerous individuals into purchasers. Fiske (1989, p. 13) asserts that shopping places have become like venerating spots and the products have become objects of worship.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Shopping: Rapturous or Torturous explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through publicizing, advancements and numerous different procedures utilized by many strip malls, individuals become buyers with incredible hunger for shopping. Shopping has become a happy encounter to numerous individuals yet to others it’s a torment. In spite of the fact that shopping can be unbearable from various perspectives, individuals have a duty of keeping away from painful circumstances and making the experience upbeat. Family Shopping Household shopping comprises in sourcing for an assortme nt of things utilized in the house or by family. Dress shopping is one model and has become a typical practice to numerous individuals. It can get unbearable from various perspectives. One explanation is that for garments one must fit to ensure the garments look great on him/her. Now and again a customer doesn’t locate the specific kind of dress he/she needs and when he/she discovers one that she needs, in numerous events, the dress won't fit. It makes this sort of shopping unbearable in light of the fact that the customer gets drained running all over searching for what he/she precisely needs. Another kind of family shopping is shopping for food. This is an energizing and happy practice. It is blissful for the most part when one goes with his/her family and one gets the opportunity to pick what he/she needs. Components that Affect Shopping Experience One of the elements that make shopping great or a bad dream is accessibility of parking spot. There are numerous events partic ularly during occasions, when everybody is shopping; this makes it difficult for one to discover fitting stopping. The way of life of shopping, particularly during occasions, has proceeded to incredibly overwhelm singular lives and the contemporary society everywhere (Edwards, 2000, p. 34). The time one has for shopping influences how he/she does the shopping. On the off chance that one has constrained time, he/she will in general surge. Then again in the event that one sets sufficient opportunity to do the shopping, he/she will do it comfortable and appreciate the shopping experience. It becomes agonizing when one has no an ideal opportunity to shop and needs to hurry through. Numerous individuals lack the capacity to deal with shopping and this is what causes them to consider shopping torturous.Advertising Looking for paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the sort of administration one gets f rom shopping stores makes shopping experience painful or cheerful. It turns into an energizing encounter when one visits a store that offers neighborly and wonderful shopping encounters. This advances a decent air which makes shopping fun and pleasant. Its great to visit a store that offers great client administrations so as to keep away from the pressure of shopping. These client administrations incorporate client chaperons who help clients discover a thing they have issue finding (Krafft Mantrala, 2008, p. 21). Then again on the off chance that the client care is poor, at that point nobody can appreciate shopping. All in all, shopping experience is commonly expected to be an upbeat encounter. So as to abstain from being tormented by it, we need to ensure we have sufficient opportunity and cash for shopping. Also, shopping from stores that offer great quality items and upgraded client administrations are basic to appreciating shopping. In the event that one needs to shop from a far spot, at that point he/she should ensure there is a methods for transport accessible. Purchasers have power over their shopping encounters and they shouldn’t let it be an unbearable encounter. References Edwards, T., 2000, Contradictions of Consumption: Concepts, Practices, and Politics in Consumer Society, Open University Press, Berkshire Fiske, J., 1989, Reading the Popular, Routledge, New York Krafft, M., Mantrala, M., K., 2008, Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends, Springer, New York

What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist

What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist There’s more to a brilliant, solid grin than flossing-an extraordinary dental hygienist plays a part in that as well. Hygienists are authorized dental wellbeing experts who work in dentists’ workplaces, giving patient consideration and regulatory help. They frequently perform clinical systems like cleanings, and work with patients to keep up great oral wellbeing long after the arrangement. The Day-to-DayDental hygienists can be found in an assortment of settings, from private dental centers to general wellbeing organizations to specific social insurance settings like nursing homes and detainment facilities. This is regularly a 9-to-5-style work, however may require adaptable hours relying upon the setting. Numerous hygienists work all day, while others pick part-time.Wherever they work, dental hygienists for the most part treat patients straightforwardly, under the oversight of dental specialists or medical attendants. They perform errands like inspecting patients, audi ting tolerant chronicles, expelling plaque and stains from teeth, handling x-beams, running analytic tests for the dental specialist to investigate, instructing patients on dental mind and development, and offering pre-or post-medical procedure care.For more on what it’s like to be a dental hygienist, look at this video: The SKiNNY on Dental HygienistsThe RequirementsDental hygienists need to move on from a licensed dental cleanliness program, with an associate’s degree or higher (around three years of study). What's more, all states require that rehearsing dental hygienists breeze through a test and become authorized, however the particular prerequisites shift by state.Read progressively about permitting and state necessities at the American Dental Hygienist Association.The SkillsThe dental cleanliness field requires various unique abilities and information bases, including:Attention to detailInterpersonal skillsCommunication skillsPatient care techniquesEquipment inf ormation and ordinary useDiagnostic/systematic skillsClinical knowledgeMany of these can be created through hygienist instruction and preparing programs.The PayThis is a really rewarding Allied Health field. Per the U.S. Authority of Labor Statistics (BLS), the middle pay for dental hygienists is $71,520, or $34.38 per hour.The OutlookLicensed dental hygienists will keep on being in hot interest, particularly as open and network wellbeing activities develop. The BLS expects that the field will develop by at any rate 19% by 2024, a lot quicker than average.If you’re keen on helping patients accomplish and keep up that excellent grin, the dental hygienist vocation way could be the one for you!Interested? APPLY HERE

I-Kuan Tao Trough the Years Essay Example for Free

I-Kuan Tao Trough the Years Essay I-Kuan Tao is delegated a syncretistic order that had established from Mainland China but since of Government’s move of control to Communism after the World War II, it had moved to the island of Taiwan along with the removed Central Government. There it had thrived its quantities of adherents during that time that made it the third most well known confidence in Taiwan1. As indicated by the Country Profile of Taiwan dating March 2005, of its 12. 7 million religion individuals, 6. 6 percent were devotees of I-Kuan Tao, close to the two generally noticeable, the Buddhists, 42. 9 percent and the Daoism devotees, 35. 6 percent2. Like some other religion, it had attempted to engender their lessons outside its host nation. I-Kuan Tao had prevailing to have huge number of co-devotees to the nations of United States, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Japan. I-Kuan Tao, truly deciphered as â€Å"The Tao that binds together all with the one†, is a syncretistic faction since it accepts that with the authentication of existing convictions, it could make a brought together arrangement of decides that would administer the individuals and would lead them to salvation on the Day of Judgment. As per the Purpose of Tao by an I-Kuan Tao order in USA, I-Kuan Tao perceives the five world religions in particular the Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam3. Be that as it may, since I-Kuan Tao is of Chinese cause, a large number of its convictions originated from the initial three. Since Chinese had high adoration to their predecessors, immaculateness of the spirit, regard and control, I-Kuan Tao had received these and they were framed as its crucial principles. The last two religion perceived by I-Kuan Tao had been added to the advanced I-Kuan Tao since they had thought about the likeness of its lessons to the initial three. 1. World I-Kuan Tao Headquarters, World I-Kuan Tao Headquarters. recovered 22 October 2007,http://www. with. organization/2. Library of Congress †Federal Research Division. Nation Profile: Taiwan, March 2005 Retrieved 22 October 2007, http://lcweb2. loc. gov/frd/cs/profiles/Taiwan. pdf 3. MariMari. com, Taiwan Religion, recovered 22 October 2007, http://www. marimari. com/content/taiwan/general_info/religion/religion. html I-Kuan Tao Definition: The name I-Kuan implies â€Å"penetrating with one† or â€Å"one unity† and is gotten from a section of Analects where Confucius said â€Å"an all-plaguing Truth†. The name Tao has numerous implications including â€Å"way†, â€Å"path† or â€Å"Truth†. History: I-Kuan Tao unquestionably has a long history1. As indicated by Zhu-zi’s Doctrine of the Mean that the â€Å"Origin of Tao is from paradise and total; it really originates from inside and is indivisible. † Literally, no words or language can portray the starting point of I-Kuan Tao. The legacy of Tao can be characterized into two classes. To begin with, the birthplace of Tao in the congruity connect alludes to the period beginning from the hour of Patriach Fu-xi up to the early Ching Dynasty. Second was the Origin of Tao in the innovative connection alludes to the period during the standard of the Ching Emperor Shun-zhi. The subsequent cause was educated to have allowed the ninth patriarch Huang De-hui in Lu-shan of Jiang-xi to set up Xian Tian Tao or the Way of Former Heaven, presently known as I-Kuan Tao2. Since 4,500 years back, the religion I-Kuan Tao is being instructed, particularly in abroad Chinese people group, the world over. Fundamentally, it is another strict development that began in the twentieth century China. It is a religion that consolidates a lot more seasoned components from different religions, for example, Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese Buddhism. The name I-Kuan Tao, likewise called Yi Guan Dao, can be interpreted as the convincing truth and it perceives the legitimacy of other non-Chinese religions like Christianity and Islam. Starting at now, I-Kuan Tao has more than 45,000 supporters with more than 3,100 sanctuaries. _______________ 1. I-Kuan Tao Encyclopedia, I-Kuan Tao, recovered 22 October 2007, http://www. experiencefestival. com/an/I-Kuan_Tao/id/1960382 2. World I-Kuan Tao Headquarters, The Heritage of Tao by Derek Lin, recovered 22 October 2007, http://www. with. organization/ikuantao. html â€Å"The Tao part of the I-Kuan Tao Heritage is the most established, returning at any rate to the hour of Huang-Di, the incredible sovereign who lived more than 4,500 years prior. I-Kuan Tao expresses that the Tao is the genuine significance and the otherworldly truth behind all religions, methods of reasoning, and ways of thinking. It is likewise the wellspring of everything, the driving system of development, and the existence power of the universe. This idea is named Lao Mu, the embodied universe†. 1 â€Å"About 2,000 years after its old start, the wise Lao Tzu came and surveys the Tao convictions and ideas into the exemplary Tao Te Ching. Another sage, Chuang Tzu, added to the extension of the Tao convictions with his accounts, allegories and an alternate comical inclination. †2 â€Å"At about a similar time that Chuang Tzu and Lao Tzu were spreading their ideas, there are additionally different sages who were building up their own points of view on life and otherworldliness. One of these sages is Confucius. He got mainstream as an extraordinary educator and researcher as he reexamined social traditions and morals. Also, on the off chance that you advance south of China, the Buddha will show you the way towards enlightenment3. These educating additionally have huge effect on the Chinese culture. Also, I-Kuan Tao distinguishes them and received these lessons into its framework. † â€Å"Five hundred years after Lao Tzu came another noteworthy educator named Jesus4. His lessons, the Christian lessons, filled in as the premier establishment of otherworldliness in the West. Furthermore, much the same as with Confucianism and Buddhism, I-Kuan Tao grasped and joined the Christian Teachings. Accordingly, numerous Tao specialists regard and study the Bible, again looking for reality and astuteness that can bring every extraordinary conviction closer together†.

The portrayal of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The depiction of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck we find out about the day by day life of the dark stable-buck Crooks and how he is depicted by the life on the farm. American individuals during the 1930s were amidst a Great misery. The Great Depression influenced everyone. Numerous individuals got jobless and work that was accessible was elusive. During the Great Depression, the Wall Street Crash, which was the breakdown of the securities exchange. The investors lost loads of cash and thought that it was important to decrease the quantity of utilized to set aside cash. Somewhere in the range of 1928 and 1933, mechanical and ranch creation fell by 40% and compensation by 60%. In 1933 14 million were jobless and ranch costs had fallen, so the expense of moving animals cost more than the animals were worth and the salary slipped to $5 billion. In this manner, for the white specialist life was especially hard. Additionally during the 1930s, dark individuals experienced racial partiality. This caused the blacks to feel useless and they didn't blend in with the whites. The reason for this bias was the think back of the slave exchange which occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. White Americans thought about the blacks as useless and regarded them as modest residents, maybe practically identical to that of creatures. At the point when individuals saw sense the law changed and the slave exchange was halted. In version with the impacts of the Great Depression, and the disparity white specialists endured is the issue of racial partiality. In the novel, John Steinbeck makes a character called Crooks. He bars himself from the white specialists in light of the racial preference he has endured previously. Law breakers lives in the bridle room rather than the bunk house with the white specialists, this is the aftereffect of numerous long stretches of racial bias and avoidance. had his bunk in the saddle room Law breakers is a tall old dark man with an abnormal back. He has no companions in the farm since he is just the dark man and the white laborers dont like to blend in with him. folks dont come into a shaded keeps an eye on room very much. Law breakers is perpetual to the farm as the others are not, so throughout the years he has gotten more belongings. As he lives in his own room he can likewise have a larger number of things than different specialists and he can leave every one of his articles on the floor. The consequence of a mishap caused his back to go cripple, this implied it was difficult to make a trip and this assisted with increasing individual belongings. dispersed about the floor were various individual assets being a steady buck and a handicapped person, he was more lasting As Crooks was cripple he felt scared so he had a fired weapon in his room. In spite of the fact that it could be utilized for shooting vermin and for his activity, yet it may likewise be utilized for the terrorizing of others. what's more, a solitary dashed shotgun. In the novel it discloses to us that Crooks has heaps of books, this incorporates the Californian social liberties book. These books appear to comfort him as he has no companions. The social equality book gives us that he knows his privileges and knows how he ought to be dealt with a battered duplicate of the Californian social liberties code for 1905. Notwithstanding Crooks depression and separation the discourse among Crooks and Lennie is tight and Crooks is by all accounts irate at Lennie for coming into his space to be amicable. you got no option to come in my room you go on get outta my room. Hoodlums additionally may fear Lennie. This may be on the grounds that Lennie is a major man and he doesn't have the foggiest idea about his own quality. an immense man He stood up and moved hazardously towards Crooks. While Crooks and Lennie are talking Crooks drives Lennie get crazy since he said that George probably won't return. Lennie depends on George for everything and he dislike it if George left him. Spose George dont return no more. ' George wouldnt do not at all like that. I been with George quite a while. Damnation return today around evening time - ' Lennie has an exceptionally childish mind and can extremely just discuss a certain something. He gets fixations. Like when he was conversing with Crooks, he would not quit discussing what George and him will do when they get enough cash and thins little guys that he loves. The hares were going to get, and I get the opportunity to tend em To what extent do you think itll be before them little guys will be mature enough to pet? Evildoers figures it interesting to separate Lennie on account of his basic thought process. This is on the grounds that Lennie depends on George and Crooks has gotten on it and calls him names. Your insane as a wedge. Jus talks, a you dont see nothing. Other than Crooks encountering depression another character in the novel Curleys spouse additionally encounters it since she is the main lady in the farm. Curleys spouse admits to Lennie that she is desolate and that she just needs somebody to converse with. I get desolate. The motivation behind why she is forlorn is on the grounds that she lives in a male centric culture. The male overwhelmed society implies that when she is exhausted she plays with all the men and they imagine that she is continually giving them the eye. I seen her give thin the eye. Today, there is as yet an issue on prejudice. In the fifties and the sixties a ton of symbols have approached to battle the privileges of disparity. A portion of the fundamental ones are Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King battled in the peacefulness matter and Malcolm X battled in the viciousness matter. In spite of the fact that the two of them battled for opportunity. Here is a piece from his discourse: I have a fantasy that one day this country will ascend and live out the genuine importance of its statement of faith: We hold these certainties to be undeniable; that all men are made equivalent. To the current day individuals have kicked the bucket through prejudice, yet it isn't so much an issue. Individuals have been raised to regard everybody as equivalents, in spite of the fact that there are a little minority that dont. This shows the 1930s were inclined to bigotry and depression among blacks and that these days there is nearly nothing.

Writing a Thesis For a Compare And Contrast Essay

Writing a Thesis For a Compare And Contrast EssayThere are some common pitfalls that writers who are writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay might want to avoid. It is important to research your topic properly before writing the paper, so that it does not end up as a waste of time or effort.As with any other form of writing, when writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay, you need to write in the first person. This will create a personal tone that the reader will relate to. It is best to place your thoughts in the first person when possible, especially if you are writing the essay for a class assignment.Students who are writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay will find that using brief, effective sentence structures help to keep their thoughts short and concise. One problem that many students have is that they just don't know how to use proper sentence structure to complete their writing. In this case, an English composition guide book can help you with yo ur essay.Another common mistake that students make is that they forget to proofread their essay before they submit it. If you choose to send in a paper that is riddled with spelling errors, grammatical errors, and other mistakes, you may not get a chance to take it back and fix it. Make sure that all the grammar and spelling errors are fixed before sending it in.Writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay will require some type of research, whether it is research on your topic or research on another topic. Be sure to include a little bit of both. Use your research on your topic and compare it to the information from another topic. Then you will be able to come up with a thesis statement that is very persuasive.Write your final paragraph and make sure to convince the reader that your statement and argument has been supported by the research that you have used. It will be very hard to prove your point if you can't convince the reader that your argument is supported by research. In addition, if you have made a claim in your first paragraph that is proven false, then you should also prove that you have backed up your statements with facts and research.Writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay is often very easy. However, there are some different techniques that you can use to help the paper become more convincing. For example, you can show how one statement is more specific than the other. You can also emphasize a point that you want to make to the point that the writer of the paper cannot.Writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay is not very difficult, but it does require some preparation. If you do not have much time to prepare the paper, you can find help from a school, university, or a college or university that offers a compare and contrast writing course.

Do you think that bees are important - Free Essay Example

Do you think if all bees, whether its bumble or honey, were to die, that we as humans could live on without them? If so, I am going to tell you why youre wrong. Ofter I hear people talking about save the bees, we need the bees but not many people actually take that into consideration. As you know, bees feed on pollen and nectar produced by plants. Female bees collect pollen to feed their larvae, storing it in pollen baskets in their legs or on branched hairs on their body. As they go from flower to flower they inevitably lose some of the pollen they have collected. Studies show that common pesticides could be wiping out bee colonies by causing pollen-gathering insects to lose their way home, research suggests. Two studies provide strong evidence that pesticides sprayed on farmers fields, and used on private gardening threaten bumblebees and honeybees. A group of French researchers say that pesticides tripled their chances of dying away from the hive. The chemical was thought to disrupt the bees homing systems. Insecticides called neonicotinoids may fuel Colony Collapse Disorder. Just as much as bees have a role in ensuring the survival of humanity, we also have roles in ensuring their survival. This way, we can ensure that the symbiotic relationship we have with bees will endure for many more generations. The honey bee is a major pollinator of many of our food crops, almonds, apples, avocados, blueberries, cantaloupe, cherries, cranberries, cucumbers, sunflowers, watermelon, and many other crops all rely on honey bees for pollination. So if honey bees disappear and we do not find replacements that can do the work they do; then foods that we take for granted will decrease in supply a nd increase in price. The main reason that the honeybees are important for our world is a simple as this; if the honey bee does not pollinate the crops, the crops do not grow and produce the food that gets harvested and brought to the store where we buy it and bring it home to feed ourselves and our families. So the question is, are bees important? The authors of the FAO analysis concluded that the proportion of global food production attributable to animal pollination ranges from 5% in industrialized nations to 8% in the developing world. About 75% of the worlds crops benefit to some degree from animal pollination; only 10% of that 75% depend fully on animal pollination. A second explanation is that pollinator-dependent crops tend to have lower average production levels that non-pollinated crops. But there is another mega-trend at work, and that is that global demand for animal pollinated crops is increasing faster than the demand for non-pollinated staples. The fraction of total production made up of animal-pollinated crops grew from 3.6% in 1961 to 6.!% in 2006, and these statistics mask a huge jump in the years since 1990. In other words, more people around Planet Earth want ice cream, blueberry tarts, watermelon, almond chocolate bars, coffee, and yes McDonalds hamburgers and the trend shows no sign of slowing. So, to what extent does the quality of human life depend on bee pollination? I would say a lot. We are losing the bees that live naturally in the wild. We depend on these insects for our food, but in an ecosystem where pollution and urbanization are altering nature dramatically, bees are in major trouble, bees are losing their food sources. Rural and forested land is consistently being developed for housing and shopping malls, reducing the flower sources bees feed on. In addition, bees cant find nectar and pollen as easily as they used to because of weed sprays and better pasture care. The weeds, from which they gather much wildflower honey, simply arent there. Bees are adversely affected by conventional agriculture practices. This kind of farming utilizes pesticides, which kill harmful pests, but also beneficial insects like bees. Now we know that Bees are essential to the production of one third of human food directly through their role in fertilizing crops. They are also essential to the feed production of animals that make up another on their of our diet. This most vital process to human survival is threatened by the careless modification of foods carried out by scientists thinking in only one box at a time. The genetically modified plants clearly are highly toxic to bees and moths as well as caterpillars. Something needs to be done urgently, if bees are to survive this toxic intervention in nature. All in all we need bees more than we we may know, think cautiously about what youre putting in your garden/crops and about the other lives around you that arent just human life. We have food chain and if one species goes then the more another dies off.

Chaim Potoks The Chosen Essay example - 1164 Words

Chaim Potoks The Chosen In the book The Chosen, by Chaim Potok, Reuven Malter is shaped by everyone around him. During this interaction his character becomes more developed and engaging. Through the interactions, it becomes apparent that Reuven’s father is always teaching his child how to improve himself. The conversations between Reuven and his father help prepare Reuven develop the mentality and the personal qualities, such as wisdom, compassion, and tolerance, necessary to become a rabbi. In all of their conversations, Mr. Malter seeks to pass his moral wisdom onto Reuven. At the beginning of the novel, after Reuven refuses to listen to Danny’s apology, his father visits him at the hospital to discuss his†¦show more content†¦Malter to converse with Reuven about very important issues, some of which were current events. After talking about certain current events, Mr. Malter begins to talk about his life. At the end of his speech to Reuven, he says: â€Å"‘A life filled with meaning is worthy of rest’† (217). In the speech Reuven’s father gives to him, he talks about how short life is. He says Reuven is growing up and it is time to think of the future. The speech allows Reuven to understand his father’s aging as well as realize that he himself should live life to the fullest and do what he wishes. Giving his life a meaning and a purpose is something Reuven needs to do to succeed in the future, and Mr. Malte r tells him to follow his heart in deciding occupations. Reuven’s father uses his knowledge to give Reuven a new perspective on a life, and to clear up uncertainty in his future. Mr. Malter tries to teach his son understanding, compassion, and tolerance which are mandatory qualities of rabbis. A good example of this lesson occurs after Reuven has gone with Danny to Danny’s synagogue and does not comprehend the actions of Danny’s father and the tradition that took place. When he comes home to his father late at night, his father tries to help him comprehend what he just witnessed: My father shook his head. â€Å"It’s not terrible, Reuven. Not for Danny, not for his father, and not for the people who listened. It is an old tradition, this kind of TalmudicShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Friendship In Chaim Potoks The Chosen775 Words   |  4 Pagesfriend comforts more, then to walk alone even with light to see. Friends can guide build each other up to pursue their hopes and dreams. Even fictional characters portrayed in books, friends stick together through thick and thin. In Chaim Potok’s historical fiction of The Chosen, his main characters, Danny Saunders and Reuven Malter, had a strong bond of friendship through years of different circumstances. Although the two boys had different Jewish beliefs and traditions, they stuck together, even throughRead More Role of the Fathers in Chaim Potok’s The Chosen Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the Fathers in Chaim Potok’s The Chosen Chaim Potok’s The Chosen is the story of a lasting friendship that blossoms between two Jewish boys, Danny Saunders and Reuven Malter, during and after World War II. On a deeper level, much of the plot focuses on the character of their fathers–Reb Saunders and David Malter–whose beliefs and ideals are rooted in two separate worlds. Reb Saunders is a zealous Hasidic rabbi who wants to impart his knowledge of his religion upon Danny and expectsRead MoreCharacterism In The Chosen And Chaim Potoks The Catcher In The Rye1761 Words   |  8 Pagesmerely to exist --- what sense is there to it?† (Potok 218). A person’s life measures up to be what they decide to do with it. Although, it may be hard for them to achieve what they want within a troubled society, it is still possible. In Chaim Potok’s The Chosen and J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, both authors portray their purposes by demonstrating hardships of coming of age and growing up in conflicting societies in order to argue that the environment in which an individual grows up inRead MoreIn Chaim Potoks The Chosen And The Man Who Broke Into Auschwitz1044 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War 2 was a time of persecution, fighting, and devastation. The Holocaust and World War 2 have lasting effects to the world that no one will ever forget. Chaim Potok’s novel The Chosen and the true story The Man Who Broke Into Auschwitz told by Denis Avey both depict the events of World War 2, but in very different ways. In The Chosen, Reuven Malter and hasid Danny Saunders become unlikely friends through an accident in a huge baseball game. Danny hits Reuven in the eye while batting in baseballRead MoreBenjamin Lev s Struggle With Their Ultra Orthodox Religious Beliefs1242 Words   |  5 Pagessomething good, we are made to feel proud. Chaim Potok’s My Name Is Asher Lev explores the upbringing of a child into the strict, Hasidic Jewish way of life, and the attempts o f Asher Lev to co-exist in his orthodox Jewish life and the secular Western forms of art and expressionism. Potok expertly documents Asher’s struggle as he develops in a conflicted world of religion and secularism, while also showing the Freudian nature of Asher’s upbringing. As such, I have chosen to explore the hypothesis that AsherRead MoreThe Chosen by Chaim Potok Essay523 Words   |  3 PagesThe Chosen by Chaim Potok The novel, The Chosen, written by Chaim Potok, is a very interesting novel that opens a readers mind to the religion of Judaism and the different trials Jews had to go through. Throughout this book, many thoughts and ideas can get the readers attention, but the most appealing idea is the decisions that Danny Sanders had to make. Danny struggles with culture expectations concerning his dress, the decision to follow the Hasidic family tradition, and keeping his JewishRead MoreSilence in The Chosen Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesChaim Potok uses many different types of silence in The Chosen. He utilizes many of them to facilitate illustrating the characters’ beliefs and emotions. The silence helps to buoy the imagery and strength of the emotions and assists in adding depth to the moment. Each silence also helps to clarify the messages that pass through the story, making them sharper and additionally refined. Chaim Potok’s use of silence helps to exemplify the utter sorrow and angst of the Anti-Zionist Hasidic League (ledRead MoreChaim Potok s Most Prolific Work952 Words   |  4 PagesThe Chosen was Chaim Potok’s most prolific work. Written in the 1960’s, this novel analyzes and discusses the numerous branches of Judaism through the eyes of a young man, Reuven. The book chronicles the main character, Reuven’s friend Danny’s life from a young age at yeshivas through high school, into college and to graduate school. The Chosen is a most fitting title for this work because the novel focuses on the choices that Danny and Reuven make throughout his life. Choices pertainingRead MoreDynamic Relationships in The Chosen749 Words   |  3 PagesChaim Potok’s The Chosen set in Brooklyn, New York, tells the story of two Jewish teenagers, Danny Saunders and Reuven Malter, as they experience the effects the Second World War has on their religious traditions. Their friendship faces trials but is eventually re-strengthened. The boys’ relationship fluctuates as it moves from trust to compassion and then to restoration. Danny and Reuven’s relationship progresses from tension in the beginning to an intimate friendship because of a mutual trustRead MoreEssay on My Name Is Asher Lev2011 Words   |  9 PagesThe struggle to find ones identity is a universal theme that is especially prevalent in Chaim Potoks novel, My Name Is Asher Lev. As an Orthodox Jew, Ashers gift for art is looked upon very unfavorably. Despite the disapproval of his community and father and the pain his art causes those around him, he pursues his passion and must find a way to reconcile the conflict between his religious identity and his individual identity. Potok starts off with the main character delivering three short sentences

Imperialism Has Significantly Influenced - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 591 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Imperialism Essay Did you like this example? Throughout the 19th to 20th century, imperialism has significantly influenced the economic, political, and social lives of the Europeans. It encompasses the extension of rule and authority to an empire over other foreign countries. Although many countries lost their freedom and independence as a result of imperialism, they were still able to develop new technologies and advancements. An enduring issue that has conflicted with many societies across time is the impact of competition for power. The possession of control ensures growth in human behavior, human interactions, and economy. The competition for such control influences our perception of the world, belief in superiority, and belief in nationalism. Overtime, the shift and redistribution of economic power creates instability, influenced by the developments in new technologies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Imperialism Has Significantly Influenced" essay for you Create order Competition for power has shaped the way we look at the world and different religions. Before the 18th century, Islamic scholars believed it was unacceptable for people living on Muslim property to be treated the same way as nobles, chiefs, and scholars (Document 1). They continued to state how non-Muslims shouldn’t be able to clothe themselves in the same manner because they would offend the Muslims and they aren’t worthy of riding a noble symbol, such as the horse. The non-believers should not be given the same opportunities and rights as the believers. The Islamic scholars imply that Muslims should be in power because God had glorified them, and God would never let the unbelievers be superior to the true believers. The believer’s desire for power depict the Islamic people’s determination to fight for their beliefs and fear that the non-Muslims would negatively change the believers’ faith in their religion. In the Ottoman Empire, from 1825 to 1914, the number of Muslims increased while the number of non-Muslims decreased (Document 2). Initially, Jews and Christians were often discriminated and were viewed as inferior subjects. The graph of religious composition suggests that the non-Muslims assimilated to the Muslim religion to receive certain privileges. Here, the competition for control depicts human interactions with assimilation and the non-Muslims’ desires for more power. The desire for power and control ties into the belief of superiority. Social Darwinism is the idea that natural selection and evolution can be applied to not only science, but also to human society. In other words, the â€Å"fittest† people were superior to others and possessed wealth and success. Nationalism, on the other hand, is the feeling of superiority over other countries. Because of such ideas and beliefs, Rhodes believed that the Anglo-Saxon was the dominant race (Document 5). Their possession of control depicts growth in the economy because imperialism assisted in colonization. Additionally, the Anglo-Saxon race always viewed themselves at the top of the social-hierarchy. The competition over power contributes to further beliefs in nationalism. Nationalism, as described above, is the idea of patriotism to one’s country. In Aizawa Seishisai’s New Theses, he warms the Japanese about the distrust of foreigners and allowing them to regularly appear and not driving them away (Document 4). Many fear that the English will unexpectedly exploit the Japanese. The expansion of the British empire depicts growth in the economy. However, the Japanese’s desire for power depicts their determination to fight against Western influence and distrust in the foreigners. One significant enduring issue present in many societies is the competition over power and control. This conflict has impacted our perception of religion, beliefs in superiority, and beliefs in nationalism. Imperialism plays a role in growth of human behaviors, interactions, and economy. Overtime, the redistribution of power creates instability because of new technologies.

Motivations for Beowulf’s Heroicness - 690 Words

When most people do something heroic it’s usually for a certain reason. Everyone has motivations by just about every single thing they do. Some people choose to do heroic things like become a firefighter for example these men and women choose to do this is by volunteering they could get killed it’s very dangerous and they still choose to be in the line of fire literally for some reason or another. When they choose to do something heroic like this they usually have some sort of one or even various different reasons for it. Beowulf is an epic hero himself he goes to the land of the Danes and basically kills a monster named Grendel for them without any reason behind why he actually went. Some people may say well Beowulf is just a hero and that’s what he’s supposed to do without and real reasoning behind it. Although if you read the epic for each monster Beowulf fights there is a motivation behind it. For each different monster there is a different motivation behind Beowulf fighting first is Grendel, next is Grendel’s mother and finally the dragon. To begin, Beowulf has a complex motivation for fighting the monster Grendel. His first motivation is duty which is part of the Anglo-Saxon code he’s obligated to go and kill Grendel. His people told him so go and do it so he does duty comes first and personal choice comes second. On page 47 lines 244-246 Beowulf says, â€Å"My people have said, the wisest, most knowing And best of them, that my duty was to go to the Danes’ Great king.†

The Legal Definition Of Marriage Essay - 1717 Words

In Australia marriage is the union between a women and a man, in the eyes of the law couples of the same sexual orientation is not considered a marriage. In this report it will contain the legal definition of marriage, the current legislation, the legal issues surrounding the law, foreign marriages and how to impact Australia, the rights of the stake holders, the social issues surrounding marriage, political ideas and views of marriage, the evaluation of the law, concluding with recommendation as well as a conclusion. 2.0 Investigation 2.1 Definition Marriage is the form of this institution under which a man and a woman have established their decision to live as husband and wife by legal commitments recognized of a union between a man and a woman as partners in a relationship. However this law does not apply to couples of the same sex. The same-sex couples are denied equal access to civil marriage. Same-sex couples who enter into a civil union are denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided by federal law to those of married couples. 2.2 Current legal situation The Australian Marriage Act 1961 is a law made by the Australian Parliament which regulates the rules for the recognition throughout Australia of marriages. The Act applies uniformly throughout Australia, and States and Territories are precluded from making any law inconsistent with the Act. In Australia marriage is the union between a man and a women. Australian marriage law doesShow MoreRelatedLegalization of Same-Sex Marriage1446 Words   |  6 Pagessame-sex marriage hits new high; half say Constitution guarantees right†). They have formed organizations, gone to court, and rioted all over the nation; but they are still being denied the simple right to marry (The Gay Rights Movement). Redefining marriage will allow all Americans access, regardless of sexual orientation, to rights given to heterosexual couples without serious social, financial, or legal detriment to society. Those who are against legalizing gay marriage feel that marriage is notRead MoreGay Marriage Should be Legal Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pages There can be no question about the definition of marriage. There is considerable evidence form history, the origins of the word, and even its current legal use. Yet, somehow there is still tension and confusion surrounding the issue of same-sex marriage. As the debate intensifies, emotional ones quickly replace rational thoughts. Lately, homosexuals carry out most of the fight for the right to be married. Of course, there are several other situations, in which people attempt to challenge traditionalRead MorePros and Cons of Not Having a Legal Definition for the Term Family in US1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The law is contained within the definitions of words. This, at times works in the favor of some while not in favor of others. The word family presents many new challenges within the legal frameworks of todays society because the word itself is hard to define. The purpose of this essays is to examine both the advantages and disadvantages of not having a universal legal definition for the term family in the United States. These perspectives are based in part due to the difficultyRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1643 Words   |  7 PagesSame-sex marriage has continuously been contradicted throughout our nation and so the arguments never seem to cease. Some argue the legality of same-sex marriage while others suggest that it compromises the sacredness of marriage. Various religious groups and their supporters in the U.S. tend to either support same-sex marriage or greatly oppose it, depending on their viewpoints and beliefs. Thus, the constant, bitter arguments between these parties. These two groups constantly argue over the validityRead MorePro Gay Marriage Argument1386 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Pro Gay Marriage The United States is currently embroiled in a battle over issues regarding civil rights of its citizens and what rights are constituted by that term. In the past, civil rights issues have been fought over womens rights and those of African Americans among others all in the name of seeking equality. Perhaps the most vocal group discussing civil rights in the United States at present are gay marriage activists who are fighting for same-sex couples to be able to marry. These individualsRead MoreGay Families are Still Families Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that â€Å"family is a circle of friends that love you†, from a legal standpoint, the word â€Å"family† requires definition. Traditionally, a family has been defined as a married heterosexual couple and their children, but as more and more states are legalizing same-sex marriage, new questions arise. Regardless of ones position about whether gay marriage should be legal, it is clear that the definition of family is changing and the legal system will need to address these changes. Whether it is determiningRead MoreThe Role Of Cohabitation As A Form Of Relationship And The Reasons Why People Choose Co Habitation1250 Words   |  5 Pagesand the reasons why people prefer co-habitation relationship to formal marriage, including its social appeal. Furthermore, the paper attempts to proffer reasons why people choose co-habitation by examining the role agents of socialization-family, peer and education and mass media play in the decision making process of people who chose this type of relationship, including an explanation of the main differences between marriage and cohabitation. Finally, the paper concludes with reasons why and ifRead MoreDefinition Essay Marriage838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Definition of Marriage? What is the definition of marriage? Over the years, the word marriage has been challenged from its current definition as listed in Merriam-Webster s Dictionary as an act of marrying or being married between a man and a woman. Marriage can also be defined in the Oxford Dictionary as the formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife. The word marriage becomes a special type of bond between two people thatRead MoreA Tribute to Forever: A Walk Down the Aisle of the Evolution of Marriage 1081 Words   |  5 Pagesmany ways in which one can describe and define marriage. There are legal, biblical and personal definitions, each with its own distinct basis for its definition, but which is the right one? The decision of which definition is the right one depends on where one lives and what one believes. Marriage has evolved throughout history. In today’s society there are many different types of unions that can be viewed as marria ge. Today, when one thinks of marriage, they usually think of two people, deeply inRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesOverview On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court, with a 5—4 majority decision, held that marriage is a fundamental right that should apply to same-sex couples based on the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. Based on The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, all fifty states must license and recognize a marriage between two people of the same gender. This is a significant change in the history of the United States, and supporters of the case honor the five judges in their reasonable

The Origins Of The Roman Empire - 2949 Words

The roots of the modern university as places of higher learning can trace its roots to the Medieval period in the remnants of the Roman Empire. Although the decedents of the once great empire and their subsequent learning systems (Byzantine and European) produced highly intellectual minds and prolific writings in the fields of theology, philosophy and more, only one of these regions intellectual structures grew to greatness and prestige that are now some of the world’s greatest colleges. How did these civilizations differ in the way education was handled and viewed, particularly by rulers, and what factors lead to their downfall/rise? This question will help explain how the Byzantine civilization, an empire seen as highly wealthy,†¦show more content†¦In terms of actual educational systems, the Byzantines set up shop rather quickly. There had already been existing schooling in the eastern side of the Roman Empire, the Platonic school in Athens for example, and with th e creation of the Byzantine Empire and its first Emperor Constantine came the creation of a university in Sota, later moved to Constantinople. For all intents and purposes the Byzantines seemed to have a clear defined path and interest in education even in its early days. Western Europe, on the other hand, seemed to have a much harder time coping with the destruction of the empire. Most if not all of the schools set up by the former Roman Empire had collapsed and disappeared. Much of what was left of the classics was lost, and what remained was kept in existence by literate, educated monks. Education did exist in some forms, but nowhere on the level of the state funded schools in the wealthier, united east. Education was a rare commodity preserved almost entirely in the Christian monasteries and churches that dotted the land. Much of the populous was left widely uneducated (both peasants and noblemen). These church learning environments were not available for the common man, but f or future priests and others in clerical orders. Even the Carolingian Renaissance, an attempt mainly made by the Frankish king Charlemagne to bring more Latin literacy and education to his kingdom, seemed to produce benefits that only supported the clergy and court

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain Green K Essay Example For Students

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain Green K Essay night Essays Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a Middle English romance poem similar to the three seductions of Gawain. Bercilak and Gawain made a bargain at the castle. Bercilak said Whatever I earn in the woods will be yours, whatever you win will be mine in exchange. (Gawain 81) The Green Knight tells Gawain that he was sent by Morgana Le Fay because she wanted to test Gawains pride and determine the truth of the Round Tables fame, and the tales that tell of it. (Gawain 123) During Bercilaks first hunt, they hunted deer. The hunters were on one side with the peasants and dogs on the other, surrounding the deer. The peasants and dogs made noise and cashed the deer towards the hunters. The hunters slaughtered them as they came near. In Gawians bedroom, Bercilaks wife came into his room and tried to seduce him. She came in and locked the door trapping him in the room. Gawian was trapped like the deer were trapped in the forest. Gawian used words to talk his way out the situation, but before she left she gave him a kiss. On the second hunt, they found a boar and trapped it on a mountain. The boar attacked and fought back aggressively. Bercilak faced it one on one and killed it. In Gawains bedroom, Bercilaks wife made another pass at him. This time she was more aggressive. The hunters used the same tactic on the boar as Bercilaks wife used on Gawain. She tried to wear him down, but it had no used because Gawain still put out. She gave him two kisses before she left his room. For the third hunt Bercilak tracked a fox. The fox was sly and clever and he chased it all over. Bercilak swung at it and it swerved and ran into the dogs. The dogs killed it. Bercilaks wife tried to be sly like a fox on her third attempt to seduce Gawain. After failing to seduce Gawain, Bercilaks wife tried to give him something to make him break his word. First she offered to give him a ring, which he refused. Then, she offered a magical scarf which he accepted. The two different situations paralleled each other in symbolism. Bercilak hunted the animals like his wife hunted Gawain. The whole experience was only a test for Gawain and he managed to pass except for taking the scarf and breaking his word. .

Duddy Kravitz Essay Research Paper The Apprenticeship free essay sample

Duddy Kravitz Essay, Research Paper The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz Duddy # 8217 ; s compulsion with land prevarications within his gramps, Simcha. When Duddy was little, he spoke those unforgettable words to him, # 8220 ; A adult male without land is nobody. # 8221 ; When it seemed as if cipher cared or respected him, Simcha did. Duddy did non have the same sort of love from his male parent or uncle as Lennie did. When Duddy comes back from work at, he asks, # 8220 ; Why [ Max ] didn # 8217 ; t reply any of [ his ] letters? # 8221 ; He replies he wasn # 8217 ; t # 8220 ; one for letters. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; But Duddy remembered that when Lennie had worked as a cantonment counselor one summer his male parent had written every hebdomad. He had driven out to see him twice. # 8221 ; ( pp. 104 A ; 105 ) Duddy did non hold the same sort of fondness and devotedness Lennie and Max shared. The same state of affairs came from his uncle, Benjy. At first sight, Benjy described him as holding a # 8220 ; thin crafty face, the speedy black eyes and the restlessness # 8230 ; the grain so astute and knowing, all made a bad feeling on Uncle Benjy. We will write a custom essay sample on Duddy Kravitz Essay Research Paper The Apprenticeship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; ( p. 61 ) Benjy supported Lennie, giving him money for his instruction. With the exclusion of Simcha, he had no other parental support which is the ground why Simcha words had such a great consequence on him. Duddy additions what he had wanted in its acquisition, regard. Everyone except Simcha, Mr. MacPherson, and Uncle Benjy thought he was traveling to be a cipher. He wanted so much to turn out them incorrect and he has. We may state he has gained self confidence, repeating the fact he was a person of import. Since his yearss at Fletcher # 8217 ; s Field High School, he ran a pack based on regard, non friendship. Thingss do non alter when he becomes an grownup. Virgil is merely one of the people Duddy uses to acquire money degree Fahrenheit or his land. He feels no heartache for aching his so called friends because he has neer experienced true friendly relationship. His buying of land would force him into higher measure in society. What he additions is nil compared to what he loses. Duddy has lost his artlessness. No thirster is he the pure and na ve male child as earlier, but now a corrupt, immoral adult male. Duddy has chosen a life without scruples or goodness, get downing a life with no ethical motives and pervert # 8220 ; friends. # 8221 ; He does non believe twice to people he has hurt which displays the impairment of his character. He has traded morality for destructive mercenary values. Simcha believed in him but now looks at him in shame for he knows the regard he will derive is shallow. The aliens who respect him look at his money, non at his bosom. To Simcha, money is non everything. He has lived a life based on regard but for character, non wealths. Simcha # 8217 ; s words have impacted Duddy # 8217 ; s life but non in the manner he wanted, neer like this in his darkest incubuss. There is no more regard towards Duddy in Simcha # 8217 ; s eyes but in this distorted universe, regard from the overall public. Duddy knows of Simcha disapproves of his actions but at the terminal, he does non attention, he thinks everything will be all right. This is the sort of individual he has turned out to be. Person who does non understand what is incorrect from right. His scruples feels nil, non even for the individual who genuinely supported him from the start. If this is how his head works for person he loves, it scaring to believe how his dainties person he hates. He loses the significance of regard and decency and additions a numbness to corruptness. Simcha # 8217 ; s dry words gained Duddy land but made him a heartless felon.

Slaughter House Five Essays (355 words) - Slaughterhouse-Five

Slaughter House Five Thesis- To be ?unstuck in time? and fight or to be against war and not fight. I. How Kurt Vonnegut uses Fragmentation. A. Keeping Dresden fresh in the readers mind . 1. Billy goes back to Dresden reader goes with him. 2. First hand account of the massacre. a. Live through the horrors of war b. The reader is able to reflect on the horrors of war. II. Time there is no past,present or future in Slaughterhouse-five. A. Billy learns this view of all time existing from a group of aliens called Tralfamadorians. 1. There way of looking at time is comparable to a human's way of looking at ?a stretch of the Rocky Mountains.? 2. All things are destined to happen. B. Constantly seeing things through Billy's eyes. 1. Reader is with Billy wherever he goes. 2. ?so it goes? III. Vonnegut presents the war experience as one that still goes on. A. Billy never leaves the war . 1. The reader does not leave the war 2. Reader is not able to experience the war. B. Horrific details 1. Saves the actual account of the bombing until the reader entrenched in the narrative. 2. Reader is denied the luxury of saying that he or she has seen worse. IV. Billy steps out of time. A. Planet Trafalmadore 1. ?Heavenly? 2. Billy is only allowed to have peace here B. Aliens teach Billy. 1. View his own line as a long line rather than concentrating on one point in particular. 2. View the novel as a whole rather than pieces of events. V. Verge of Billy breaking up. A. Pressures of the outside worlds. 1. Finds himself in different events. 2. ?a constant state of stage fright? B. Splitting himself into different parts. 1. Husband,soldier and employer 2. Seems to be spread a little too thin to handle all of these roles. VI. Billy ages A. Becomes separated from himself 1. Play a role at each stage of his life. 2. Even when he steps out of time he is still performing. B. Billy is always on stage 1. The dangers of role playing surfaces with the example of Billy Pilgrim. 2. Billy is a person who must pretend in order to be.

Sample Essay on Central Theme

Sample Essay on Central ThemeThere are many different ways to find sample essays on central theme. These samples have been organized into groups based on the length of the essay, the specific type of study topic, student opinion or what is called meta-topic and length of the essay.It's important to make sure that your essay will not be too long or too short. These essays should be written in a way that they are interesting to read but without being too easy or too hard to understand. If you're still unsure of how to write an essay for a test or assignment, then you can always ask a teacher for some tips. There are several websites that offer sample essays for different types of topics.Essays on history can be found on sites that offer information about topics from beginning to end. These topics can be articles, reports, monographs, journals or even novels. When searching for an essay on history, you need to know that the information given should be comprehensive enough to give the to pic enough time to develop and to also satisfy the requirements of the examination or assignment.For a long essay on a certain topic, there are resources available that can help you decide what to write. Examples of these resources are magazines, newspapers, books, websites and any other literature resources that will offer information on the subject.What is important is that when writing an essay on any particular topic, you do it in a way that it presents your ideas in an effective manner. You also need to make sure that it will be more than just reading and writing the information. It should motivate the reader to think and reason. You can also consider using the Internet to get your information and current information on different subjects.The most important thing is that you make sure that your essay is to the point. This means that it has to be informative, as well as more than just reading. The information should motivate the reader to act upon the information that you provid e. It is best if you get your materials from reliable sources that will provide you with information that will be useful to you.With this information, you can now start to write your own sample essay on central theme. You can do a search on the Internet and get some ideas of topics that you can use for your own essay.

rough case reveiw Essay

rough case reveiw Essay rough case reveiw Essay Daniel Pelka was murdered by his mother and stepfather in March 2012. For a period of at least six months prior to this, he had been starved, assaulted, neglected and abused. His older sister was expected to explain away his injuries as accidental. His mother and stepfather acted together to inflict pain and suffering on him and were convicted of murder in August 2013, both sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment Jurors were told Daniel weighed just 1st 7lb when he was discovered by paramedics, 15lb below the average weight for a child of his age. Despite attempts to resuscitate him, he was pronounced dead in hospital on March 3, 2012. Prosecutor Jonas Hankin QC said the state of the boy's tiny body had left even experts in child death shocked. He said: 'Daniel was subjected to a campaign of incomprehensible and escalating cruelty. His body was described as â€Å"shockingly thin† by doctors and an expert in child deaths said a lay person would compare it to a child starving in a concentration camp in the Second World War. When doctors tried to measure his BMI (body mass index) it was too low to be measured on the scale.' Missed opportunities to protect Daniel and potentially uncover the abuse he was suffering occurred:- at the time of his broken arm in January 2011, which was too readily accepted by professionals as accidentally caused. when the school began to see a pattern of injuries and marks on Daniel during the four months prior to his death, these were not acted upon. at the paediatric appointment in February 2012 when Daniel’s weight loss was not recognized, and child abuse was not considered as a likely differential diagnosis for Daniel’s presenting problems. Public opinion: How on earth can the Headmaster think this poor boy had a medical condition when he saw him scrounging for food in a waste

Legalization of Horseshoeing and Equine Dentistry Research Paper

Legalization of Horseshoeing and Equine Dentistry - Research Paper Example Details from the article written by Bowden cited State Rep. Jim House, a part-time farrier, to have acknowledged that â€Å"Arkansas has 625 veterinarians, but only nine of them specialize in horses†. Lee McGrath, executive director of the Minnesota chapter of the Institute for Justice, indicated that the primary rationale for instituting the regulations would be to eliminate competition from non-licensed practicing veterinarians. The ranchers and owners of horses have expressed their arguments on the matter indicating that prohibition of horseshoeing by farriers and employing equine dentists would tantamount to increased costs in terms of higher professional fees charged by veterinarians and the hustles imposed by the need to bring their horses to the vets for the needed procedures. The Veterinary Medical Practice Act stipulates that part of a licensed veterinarian’s scope of responsibilities include â€Å"the diagnosis, treatment, correction, change, relief, or prevention of animal disease, deformity, defect, injury, or other physical or mental condition, including the prescribing or administration of any prescription drug, medicine, biologic, apparatus, application, anesthetic, or other therapeutic or diagnostic substance or technique on any animal, including, but not limited to, acupuncture, dentistry, animal psychology, animal chiropractic, theriogenology, surgery, including cosmetic surgery, any manual, mechanical, biological, or chemical procedure for testing for pregnancy or for correcting sterility or infertility or to tender service or recommendations with regard to any of the above† (Arkansas Veterinary Act, Code 17-101-102 9A). The current practice of Arkansas ranchers traditionally use registered farriers and equine dentists to undertake routinary procedures . In an article written by Bowden (2010), the author cited Dr. Lyndon H. Tate, a veterinarian in Mansfield and member of the Arkansas Veterinary Medical Examining Board, as supportive and â€Å"defended the wording in the law. The practices act was set up to protect the animals, and the rights of the animal owner, from sub-standard veterinary procedures".

City National Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

City National - Research Proposal Example By means of its banking offices in West Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio, the Company is able to offer credit, deposit, investment advisory as well as insurance products and services to its customers. City Holding Company is the parent company of City National Bank of West Virginia. The company in line with this also works with City Insurance Professionals, an insurance agency that provides a full array of insurance products and services. Assessing the position of company necessitates the discussion as well as examination of the firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats. In this light we take into consideration that the strengths and weaknesses of the firm would be based on the conditions of the firm internally while the firm’s opportunities and threats would be based on the placement of the firm in its external environment as well as the dealings it is engaged with. One of the key opportunities that are evident for the firm is that when it comes to answering to local demand, the retail division of the firm was the first in their markets to establish and launch an innovative checking selection for individuals who happened to have their past challenges when it comes to running their accounts. Bounce Back Checking is for individuals who have been rejected and taken the opportunity to open a checking account. This particular option is intended for those individuals who are seeking to a fresh start. The company assists these individuals by providing them the necessary guidelines when it comes to learning responsible banking practices together with the aim of moving them to a traditional checking account. Apart from this, the company was also able to generate its own opportunity when it instigated the Community Hero Checking. This particular program honors current and retired military personnel, firefighters, police officers, medical professionals and teachers by offering them special account

Semantics and Theories of Semantics Essay Example for Free

Semantics and Theories of Semantics Essay Semantics is the study of meaning in language. We know that language is used to express meanings which can be understood by others. But meanings exist in our minds and we can express what is in our minds through the spoken and written forms of language (as well as through gestures, action etc. ). The sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the organisation of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and syntax. These are in turn organised in such a way that we can convey meaningful messages or receive and understand messages. ‘How is language organised in order to be meaningful? ’ This is the question we ask and attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analysed. It is the most abstract level of linguistic analysis, since we cannot see or observe meaning as we can observe and record sounds. Meaning is related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to analyse meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and understand, our own ability to create meaning. Semantics concerns itself with ‘giving a systematic account of the nature of meaning’ (Leech). Difficulties in the Study of Meaning The problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult, it is because of its toughness that some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. A well-known structuralist made the astonishing statement that ‘linguistic system of a languagedoes not include the semantics. The system is abstract, it is a signaling system, and as soon as we study semantics we are no longer studying language but the semantic system associated with language. The structralists were of the opinion that it is only the form of language which can be studied, and not the abstract functions. Both these are misconceptions. Recently a serious interest has been taken in the various problems of semantics. And semantics is being studied not only by the linguists but also by philosophers, psychologists, scientists, anthropologists and sociologists. Scholars have long puzzled over what words mean or what they represent, or how they are related to reality. They have at times wondered whether words are more real than objects, and they have striven to find the essential meanings of words. It may be interesting to ask whether words do have essential meaning. For example, difficulties may arise in finding out the essential meaning of the word table in water table, dining table, table amendment, and the table of 9. An abstract word like good creates even more problems. Nobody can exactly tell what good really means, and how a speaker of English ever learns to use the word correctly. So the main difficulty is to account facts about essential meanings, multiple meanings, and word conditions. The connotating use of words adds further complications to any theorizations about meaning, particularly their uses in metaphor and poetic language. Above all is the question : where does meaning exist: in the speaker or the listener or in both, or in the context or situation ? Words are in general convenient units to state meaning. But words have meanings by virtue of their employment in sentences, most of which contain more than one word. The meaning of a sentence, though largely dependent on the meaning of its component words taken individually, is also affected by prosodic features. The question whether word may be semantically described or in isolation, is more a matter of degree than of a simple answer yes or no. It is impossible to describe meaning adequately any other way except by saying how words are typically used as part of longer sentences and how these sentences are used. The meanings of sentences and their components are better dealt with in linguistics in turns of how they function than exclusively in terms of what they refer to. Words are tools; they become important by the function they perform, the job they do, the way they are used in certain sentences. In addition to reference and function, scholars have also attached import talkie to popular historical considerations, especially etymology, while studying word-meanings. Undobtedly the meaning of any word is casually the product of continuous changes in its antecedent meanings or uses, and in many cases it is the collective product of generations of cultural history. Dictionaries often deal with this sort of information if it is available, but in so ding they are passing beyond the bounds of synchronic statement to the separate linguistic realm of historical explanation. Different answers have been given to the questions related to meaning. Psychologists have tried to assess the availability of certain kinds of responses to objects, to experiences, and to words themselves. Philosophers have proposed a variety of systems and theories to account for the data that interest them. Communication scientists have developed information theory so that they can use mathematical models to explain exactly what is predictable and what is not predictable when messages are channeled through various kinds of communication networks. From approaches like these a complex array of conceptions of meaning emerges. Lexical and Grammatical Meaning When we talk about meaning, we are talking about the ability of human beings to understand one another when they speak. This ability is to some extent connected with grammar. No one could understand: hat one the but red green on bought tried Rameez. while Rameez tried on the red had but bought the green one causes no difficulties. Yet there are numerous sentences which are perfectly grammatical, but meaningless. The most famous example is Chomsky’s sentence â€Å"Colourless green ideas sleep furiously†. Similar other examples are: * The tree ate the elephant. * The pregnant bachelor gave birth to six girls tomorrow. * The table sneezed. In a sentence such as Did you understand the fundamentals of linguistics? A linguist has to take into account at least two different types of meaning: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. Full words have some kind of intrinsic meaning. They refer to objects, actions and qualities that can be identified in the external world, such as table, banana, sleep, eat, red. Such words are said to have lexical meaning. Empty words have little or no intrinsic meaning. They exist because of their grammatical function in the sentence. For example, and is used to join items, or indicates alternative, of sometimes indicates possession. These words have grammatical meaning. Grammatical meaning refers mainly to the meaning of grammatical items as did, which, ed. Grammatical meaning may also cover notions such as ‘subject’ and ‘object’, sentence types as ’interrogative’, ‘imperative’ etc. Because of its complexity, grammatical meaning is extremely difficult to study. As yet, no theory of semantics has been able to handle it portly. But the study of lexical items is more manageable. What is Meaning? Philosophers have puzzled over this question for over 2000 years. Their thinking begins from the question of the relationship between words and the objects which words represent. For example, we may ask: What is the meaning of the word ‘cow’? One answer would be that it refers to an animal who has certain properties, that distinguish it from other animals, who are called by other names. Where do these names come from and why does the word ‘cow’ mean only that particular animal and none other? Some thinkers say that there is no essential connection between the word ‘cow’ and the animal indicated by the word, but we have established this connection by convention and thus it continues to be so. Others would say that there are some essential attributes of that animal which we perceive in our minds and our concept of that animal is created for which we create a corresponding word. According to this idea, there is an essential correspondence between the sounds of words and their meanings, e. g. , the word ‘buzz’ reproduces ‘the sound made by a bee’. It is easy to understand this, but not so easy to understand how ‘cow’ can mean’ a four-legged bovine’—there is nothing in the sound of the word ‘cow’ to indicate that, (Children often invent words that illustrate the correspondence between sound and meaning: they may call a cow ‘moo-moo’ because they hear it making that kind of sound. ) The above idea that words in a language correspond to or stand for the actual objects in the world is found in Plato’s dialogue CratyIus. However, it applies only to some words and not to others, for example, words that do not refer to objects, e. g. ‘love’, ‘hate’. This fact gives rise to the view held by later thinkers, that the meaning of a word is not the object it refers to, but the concept of the object that exists in the mind. Moreover, as de Saussure pointed out, the relation between the word (signifier) and the concept (signified) is an arbitrary one, i.e. the word does not resemble the concept. Also, when we try to define the meaning of a word we do so by using other words. So, if We try to explain the meaning of ‘table’ we need to use other words such as ‘four’, ‘legs’, and ‘wood’ and these words in turn can be explained only by means of other words. In their book, The Meaning of Meaning, L. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards made an attempt to define meaning. When we use the word ‘mean’, we use it in different ways. ‘I mean to do this’ is a way of expressing our intention. ‘The red signal means stop’ is a way of indicating what the red signal signifies. Since all language consists of signs, we can say that every word is a sign indicating something—usually a sign indicates other signs. Ogden and Richards give the following list of some definitions of ‘meaning’. Meaning can be any of the following: 1. An intrinsic property of some thing 2. Other words related to that word in a dictionary 3. The connotations of a word (that is discussed below) 4. The thing to which the speaker of that word refers 5. The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer  6. The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring 7. The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to. These definitions refer to many different ways in which meaning is understood. One reason for the range of definitions of meaning is that words (or signs) in a language are of different types. Some signs indicate meaning in a direct manner, e. g. an arrow (?  ®) indicates direction. Some signs are representative of the thing indicated, e. g. onomatopoeic wards such as ‘buzz’. ‘tinkle’ ‘ring’; even ‘cough’. ‘slam’, ‘rustle have onomatopoeic qualities. Some signs do not have any resemblance to the thing they refer to, but as they stand for that thins, they are symbolic. Taking up some of the above definitions of meaning, we can discuss the different aspects of meaning o a word as follows: (i) The logical or denotative meaning. This is the literal meaning of a word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. concept is a minimal unit of meaning which could be called a ‘sememe’ in the same way as the unit of sound is called a ‘phoneme’ and is like the ‘morpheme h Is structure and organisation. Just as the phoneme /b/ may be defined as a bilatial + voiced + plosive, the word ‘man’ may be defined as a concept consisting of a structure of meaning ‘human + male + adult’ expressed through the basic morphological unit ‘m + ? + n’. All the three qualities are logical attributes of which the concept ‘man’ is made. They are the minimal qualities that the concept must possess in order to be a distinguishable concept, e. g. if any of these changes, the concept too changes. So ‘human + female + adult’ would not be the concept referred to by the word ‘man’, since it is a different concept. (ii) The connotative meaning. This is the additional meaning that a concept carries. It is defined as ‘the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to over and above its purely conceptual content’ (Leech, 1981). That is, apart from its logical or essential attributes, there is a further meaning attached to a word, which comes from its reference to other things in the real world. In the real world, such a word may be associated with some other features or attributes. For example, the logical or denotative meaning of the word ‘woman’ is the concept, ‘human + female + adult’. To it may be added the concept of ‘weaker sex’ or ‘frailty’. These were the connotations or values associated with the concept of ‘woman’. Thus connotative meaning consists of the attributes associated with a concept. As we know, these associations come into use over a period of time in a particular culture and can change with change in time. While denotative meaning remains stable since it defines the essential attributes of a concept, connotative meaning changes as it is based on associations made to the concept; these associations may change. (iii) The social meaning: This is the meaning that a word or a phrase conveys about the circumstances of its use. That is, the meaning of a word is understood according to the different style and situation in which the word is used, e. g. though the words ‘domicile’, ‘residence’, ‘abode’, ‘home’ all refer to the same thing (i. e. their denotative meaning is the same), each word belongs to a particular situation of use—’domicile’ is used in an official context, ‘residence’ in a formal context, ‘abode’ is a poetic use and ‘home’ is an ordinary use. Where one is used, the other is not seen as appropriate. Social meaning derives from an awareness of the style in which something is written and spoken and of the relationship between speaker and hearer—whether that relationship is formal, official, casual, polite, or friendly. (iv) The thematic meaning: This is the meaning which is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organises the message in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis. It is often felt, for example, that an active sentence has a different meaning from its passive equivalent although its conceptual meaning seems to be the same. In the sentences: Mrs. Smith donated the first prize The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith the thematic meaning is different. In the first sentence it appears that we know who Mrs. Smith is, so the new information on which the emphasis is laid is ‘the first prize’. In the second sentence, however, the emphasis is laid on ‘Mrs. Smith’. It is sometimes difficult to demarcate all these categories of meaning. For example, it may be difficult to distinguish between conceptual meaning and social meaning in the following sentences: He stuck the key in his pocket. He put the key in his pocket. We could argue that these two sentences are conceptually alike, but different in social meaning––the first one adopts a casual or informal style, the second adopts a neutral style. However, we could also say that the two verbs are conceptually different: ‘stuck’ meaning ‘put carelessly and quickly’, which is a more precise meaning than simply ‘put’. Of course, it is a matter of choice which word the speaker wishes to use, a more precise one or a neutral one. Some Terms and Distinctions in Semantics (a) Lexical and grammatical meaning Lexical or word meaning is the meaning of individual lexical items. These are of two types: the open class lexical items, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, and the close class items such as prepositions, conjunctions and deter-miners. The open class items have independent meanings, which are defined in the dictionary. The closed class items have meaning only in relation to other words in a sentence; this is called grammatical meaning, which can be understood from a consideration of the structure of the sentence and its relation with other sentences. For example, in the sentence The tiger killed the elephant’, there are three open class items: tiger, kill, elephant. Out of these, two are nouns and one is a verb. There is one closed class tern— ’the’—which occurs before each noun. It has no independent reference of its own and can have meaning only when placed before the nouns. This distinction may help in understanding ambiguity. Thus, if there is ambiguity in a sentence, this can be a lexical ambiguity or a grammatical ambiguity. For example, in the sentence: I saw him near the bank, there is lexical ambiguity, since the item ‘bank’ can mean (a) the financial institution or (b) the bank of a river. However, in the case of: ‘The parents of the bride and the groom were waiting’ there is grammatical ambiguity as the sentence structure can be interpreted in two ways: (a) the two separate noun phrases being ‘the parents of the bride’, and ‘the groom’; or (b) the single noun phrase ‘the parents’ within which there is the prepositional phrase ‘of the bride and the groom’ containing two nouns. The first type of coordination gives us the meaning that the people who were waiting were the parents of the bride and the groom himself. The second type of coordination gives us the meaning that the people who were waiting were the parents of the bride and the parents of the groom. The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meanings. This becomes clear if we compare a pair of sentences such as the following: The dog bit the postman. The postman bit the dog. These two sentences differ in meaning. But the difference in meaning is not due to the difference in the meaning of the lexical items ‘postman’ and ‘dog’, but in the grammatical relationship between the two. In one case  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdog’ is the subject and ‘postman’ is the object, in the other case the grammatical roles are reversed. There is also the relationship of these nouns with the verb ‘bit’. In the first sentence, the action is performed by the dog, which conforms to our knowledge about dogs, but in the second sentence, the action is performed by the postman which does not match with our knowledge about what postmen do, so there is a sense of incongruity about the second sentence. Only in some exceptional circumstance could we expect it to be comprehensible. (b) Sense and Reference. It has been explained earlier that signs refer to concepts as well as to other signs. A sign is a symbol that indicates a concept. This concept is the reference, which refers in turn to some object in the real world, called the referent. The relationship between linguistic items (e. g. words, sentences) and the non-linguistic world of experience is a relationship of reference. It can be understood by the following diagram given by Ogden and Richards: The objects in the real world are referents, the concept which we have of them in our minds is the reference and the symbol we use to refer to them is the word, or linguistic item. As we have seen, we can explain the meaning of a linguistic item by using other words. The relation of a word with another word is a sense-relation. Therefore, sense is the complex system of relationships that holds between the linguistic items themselves. Sense is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations, i. e. relations within the system of the language itself, such as similarity between words, opposition, inclusion, and pre-supposition. Sense relations include homonymy, polysemy, synonymy and antonymy. Homonyms are different items (lexical items or structure words) with the same phonetic form. They differ only in meaning, e. g. the item ‘ear’ meaning ‘organ of hearing’ is a homonym of the item ‘ear’ meaning ‘a stem of wheat’. Homonymy may be classified as: (a) Homography: a phenomenon of two or more words having the same spellings but different pronunciation or meaning, e. g. lead /led/ = metal; lead/li:d/ = verb. (b) Homophony: a phenomenon of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings or spellings, e. g.sea/see, knew/new, some/ sum, sun/son. It is difficult to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy as in polysemy, the ‘same’ lexical item has different meanings, e. g. ‘bank*’, ‘face*’: Two lexical items can be considered as synonyms if they have the same denotative, connotative and social meaning and can replace each other in all contexts of occurrence. Only then can they be absolutely synonymous. For example, ‘radio’ and ‘wireless’ co-existed for a while as synonyms, being used as alternatives by speakers of British English. But now, ‘wireless’ is not used frequently. What we consider as synonyms in a language are usually near-equivalent items, or descriptive items. For example, ‘lavatory’, ‘toilet’, ‘WC’, ‘washroom’ are descriptive or near-equivalent synonyms in English. Antonyms are lexical items which are different both in form as well as meaning. An antonym of a lexical item conveys the opposite sense, e. g. single-married, good-bad. But this gives rise to questions of what is an opposite or contrasted meaning. For example, the opposite of ‘woman’ could be ‘man’ or girl’ since the denotation of both is different from that of ‘woman’. Thus we need to modify our definition of antonymy. We can say that some items are less compatible than other items. There can be nearness of contrast or remoteness of contrast. Thus ‘man’ or ‘girl’ is contrasted to ‘woman’ but less contrasted than ‘woman’ and ‘tree’. In this sense, ‘woman’ and ‘man’ are related, just as ‘girl’ and ‘boy’ are related, in spite of being contrasted. Other meaning-relations of a similar nature are: mare/stallion, cow/bull, ram/ewe etc. , all based on gender distinctions. Another set of meaning relations can be of age and family relationship: father/son, uncle/nephew, aunt/ niece. In this, too, there are differences in the structures of different languages. In Urdu, for instance, gender distinction or contrast may be marked by a change in the ending of the noun (e. g. /gho:? a:/gho:? i:/ for ‘horse’ and ‘mare’ respectively) or, in some cases, by a different word (e. g. /ga:e/bael/ for ‘cow’ and ‘bull’ respectively). In English, there are usually different words to mark contrast in gender except in a few cases (e. g. elephant, giraffe). The evolution of a complex system of sense relations is dependent on the way in which the objects of the world and the environment are perceived and conceptualized by the people who make that language. For example, Eskimos have many words related in meaning to ‘snow’ because snow in different forms is a part o their environment. In English, there are only two ‘snow’ and ‘ice’, while in Urdu there is only one: ‘baraf’. This reflects the importance that a particular object or phenomena may have for a certain community. Another kind of sense-relationship is hyponymy. Hyponymy is the relation that holds between a more general and more specific lexical item. For example, ‘flower’ is a more general item, and ‘rose’, ‘lily’, etc. are more specific. The more specific item is considered a hyponym of the more general item—’rose’ is a hyponym of ‘flower’. The specific item includes the meaning of the general. When we say ‘rose’, the meaning of ‘flower’ is included in its meaning. ‘Rose’ is also hyponymous to ‘plant’ and ‘living thing’ as these are the most general categories. The combination of words to produce a single unit of meaning is also a part of sense-relations in a language. Compounds are made, which often do not mean the same as the separate words which they consist of. Thus, while ‘black bird’ can be understood to mean ‘a bird which is black’, ‘strawberry’ cannot be understood to mean ‘a berry made of straw’. Similarly, ‘fighter’ can be considered to be a noun made up of the morphemes ‘fight’ + ‘er’, but ‘hammer’ cannot be considered as made up of ‘ham’ + ‘er’. Phrasal verbs and idioms are also a case of such sense relations. The verbs ‘face up to’, ‘see through’, ‘look upon’, etc. have a composite meaning. Collocations such as ‘heavy smoker’ and ‘good singer’ are not mere combinations of heavy + smoker meaning ‘the smoker is heavy’ or ‘good + singer’. They mean ‘one who smokes heavily’ or ‘one who sings well’. The collocated unit has a meaning which is a composite of both that is why we cannot say ‘good smoker’ and ‘heavy singer’. All these sense-relations are peculiar to a language and every language develops its own system of sense-relations. (c) Sentence-meaning and Utterance-meaning A distinction may be drawn between, sentence-meaning and utterance-meaning. This is because a speaker may use a sentence to mean something other than what is normally stated in the sentence itself. As discussed earlier, sentence meaning is a combination of lexical and grammatical meaning. In addition to this, intonation may also affect sentence meaning. For example, ‘I don’t like COFFEE’ means that the speaker does not like coffee, but may like some other drink; ‘I don’t like coffee’ means that the speaker doesn’t like coffee but someone else does. Speakers can use intonation to change the emphasis and thus the meaning of the sentence. Further, a sentence may be used by a speaker to perform some act, such as the act of questioning, warning, promising, threatening, etc. Thus, a sentence such as ‘Its cold in here’ could be used as an order or request to someone to shut the window, even though it is a declarative sentence. Similarly, an interrogative sentence such as ‘Could you shut the door? ’ can be used to perform the act of requesting or commanding rather than that of questioning (The speaker is not asking whether the hearer is able to shut the door, but is requesting the hearer to actually do the action). Usually such use of sentences is so conventional that we do not stop to think of the literal sentence meaning, we respond to the speaker’s act of requesting, etc., which is the utterance meaning. This is the meaning that a sentence has when a speaker utters it to perform some act, in particular appropriate circumstances. (d) Entailment and Presupposition One sentence may entail other sentence—that is, include the meaning of other sentence in its meaning, just as hyponymy includes the meaning of other word. For example, the sentence ‘The earth goes round the sun’ entails (includes) the meaning ‘The earth moves’. A sentence may presuppose other sentences, e. g. the sentence ‘Shamim’s son is named Rahat’ presupposes the sentence ‘Shamim has a son’. Presupposition is the previously known meaning which is implied in the sentence. While entailment is a logical meaning inherent in the sentence, presupposition may depend on the knowledge of the facts, shared by the speaker and the hearer. Theories of Semantics a) Traditional Approach: We have noted earlier that meaning was always a central concern with thinkers. This has been the root of much divergent opinions and definitions of meaning. However, there was little doubt that there are two sides of the issue : symbolic realization, whether in utterance or in writing, and the thing symbolised. Plato’s Cratylus clearly lays down that word is the signifier (in the language) and the signified is the object (in the world). Words are, therefore, names, labels that denote or stand for. Initially, a child learns to know his world, and his language in this manner. He is pointed out the objects and people; names are given to them, and in his mind link or association between the names and the external world is established. Children have always been taught their language in this manner. This is also perhaps the way the earliest thinkers tried to understand the world through linguistic medium. That could be the reason why William Labov was prompted to say, ‘In many ways, the child is a perfect historian of the language’. This simple view of the relationship between name and things is diagrammatically shown below. However, this is an extremely simplistic theory and it would be wrong to say the child simply learns the names of things. Gradually, and simultaneously, he learns to ‘handle the complexities of experience along with the complexities of language’. b) Analytical/Referential Approach: Between the symbol and the object/thing there is an intervening phenomenon which is recognized as ‘the mediation of concepts of the mind’. De Saussure and I. A. Richards and C. K. Ogden are the best-known scholars to hold this view. The Swiss linguist de Saussure postulated the link, a psychological associative bond, between the sound image and the concept. Ogden and Richards viewed this in the shape of a triangle. The linguistic symbol or image, realized as a word or sentence and the referent, the external entities are mediated by thought or reference. There is no direct relation between the sign and the object but ‘our interpretation of any sign is our psychological reaction to it’ (Ogden). The meaning of a word in the most important sense of the word is that part of a total reaction to the word which constitutes the thought about what the word is intended for and what it symbolizes. Thus thought (the reference) constitutes the symbolic or referential meaning of a word (YevgenyBasin : 32-33). Linguistics, in the opinion of de Saussure, operates on the borderland where the elements of sound and thought combine : their combination produces a form, not a substance. When we see an object, a bird, for example, we call it referent; its recollection is its image. It is through this image that the sign is linked to the referent. The symbol is manifested in the phonetic form and the reference is the information the hearer is conveyed. This process thus established, makes meaning a ‘reciprocal’ and reversible relation between name and sense. One can start with the name and arrive at the meaning or one can start with the meaning and arrive at the name/s. The referential or ‘analytical’ approach, as it is also known, tries to avoid the functional domain of language, and seeks rather to understand meaning by identifying its primary components. This approach is the descendant of the ancient philosophical world-view, and carries its limitations. It ignores the relatively different positions at which the speaker and the hearer are situated. Their positions make a reciprocal and reversible relationship between name and sense (Ullmann). This approach also overlooks other psychological, non-physical processes which donot depend upon the linguistic symbol, the reception of the sound waves for recognising the meaning of the object/thing. A word usually has multiple meaning and is also associated with other words. Which of the meanings will be received depends upon the situations. (c) Functional Approach In the year 1953 L. Wittgenstein’s work Philosophical Investigation was published. Around this time Malinowski and J. R. Firth were working to formulate the ‘operational character of scientific concepts like ‘length’, ‘time’ or ‘energy’; they tried to grasp the meaning of a word by observing the uses to which it is put instead of what is said about it. They approached the problem by including all that is relevant in establishing the meaning – the hearers, their commonly shared knowledge and information, external objecs, and events, the contexts of earlier exchange and so on, and not by excluding them. This approach can directly be linked to the concept of the Context of situation being developed by the London group which viewed social processes as significant factor in explaining a speech event. While the referential approach took an idealist position, dealing, as someone said, with ‘meaning in language’, the functional theory or the operational theory took a realistic stand, taking ‘speech’ as it actually occurred. Words are considered tools and whole utterances are considered. Meaning is thus seen to involve a ‘set of multiple and various relations between the utterances’ and its segments and the relevant components of environment’ (Robins). In placing special emphasis on language as a form of behaviour – as something that we perform, the functional approach shares a lot with systemic linguistics. Language is a form a behaviour which is functional, ‘something that we do with a purpose, or more often, in fact, with more than one purpose. It is viewed as a form of functional behaviour which is related to the social situation in which it occurs as something that we do purposefully in a particular social setting’ (Margaret Berry). The systemic organization of a language is sought to be understood through its relations with the social situations of language. According to this theory, meaning is classified into two broad categories, Contextual Meaning and Formal Meaning. Contextual meaning relates a formal item or pattern to an element of situation.